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This describes the shell code for the new completion system. It consists
of various shell functions; those beginning `comp' are to be called
directly by the user, while those beginning `_' are called by the
completion code. The shell functions of the second set which implement
completion behaviour and which may be bound to keystrokes, are referred to
as `widgets'.
If the system was installed completely, it should be enough to
call the shell function compinit from your initialization file; see the
next section. However, the function compinstall can be run by a user
to configure various aspects of the completion system.
Usually, compinstall will insert code into .zshrc, although if
that is not writable it will save it in another file and tell you that
file's location. Note that it is up to you to make sure that the lines
added to .zshrc are actually run; you may, for example, need to move
them to an earlier place in the file if .zshrc usually returns early.
So long as you keep them all together (including the comment lines at the
start and finish), you can rerun compinstall and it will correctly
locate and modify these lines. Note, however, that any code you add to
this section by hand is likely to be lost if you rerun compinstall,
although lines using the command `zstyle' should be gracefully handled.
The new code will take effect next time you start the shell, or run
.zshrc by hand; there is also an option to make them take effect
immediately. However, if compinstall has removed definitions, you will
need to restart the shell to see the changes.
To run compinstall you will need to make sure it is in a directory
mentioned in your $fpath parameter, which should already be the case if
zsh was properly configured as long as your startup files do not remove the
appropriate directories from $fpath. Then it must be autoloaded
(`autoload -U compinstall' is recommended). You can abort the
installation any time you are being prompted for information, and your
.zshrc will not be altered at all; changes only take place right at the
end, where you are specifically asked for confirmation.
This section describes the use of compinit to initialize completion for
the current session when run directly by the user; if you have run
compinstall it will be called automatically from your .zshrc.
To initialize the system, the function compinit should be in a
directory mentioned in the $fpath variable, and should be autoloaded
(`autoload -U compinit' is recommended). When run, it will define a
few utility functions, arrange for all the necessary shell functions to be
autoloaded, and will then re-bind all keys that do completion to use the
new system. Note that this means that the zsh/complist module has
to be loaded before the completion system is initialized (i.e. the
compinit function is called) to make sure that the menu-select
widget defined by it will be redefined, too.
Should you need to use the original completion commands, you can still
bind keys to the old functions by putting a `.' in front of the
command name, e.g. `.expand-or-complete'.
To speed up the running of compinit, it can be made to produce a dumped
configuration which will be read in on future invocations; this is the
default, although it can be turned off by calling compinit with the
option -D. The dumped file is .zcompdump in the same
directory as the startup files (i.e. $ZDOTDIR or $HOME);
alternatively, an explicit file name can be given by `compinit -d
dumpfile'. On the next call to compinit, the dumped file will be
read instead of a full initialization.
If the number of completion files changes, compinit will recognise this
and produce a new dump file. However, if the name of a function or the
arguments in the first line of a #compdef function (as described below)
change, it is easiest to delete the dump file by hand so that the next time
compinit will re-create it.
The dumping is actually done by another function, compdump, but you
will only need to run this yourself if you change the configuration
(e.g. using compdef) and then want to dump the new one. The name of
the old dumped file will be remembered for this purpose.
If the parameter _compdir is set, compinit uses it as a directory
where completion functions can be found; this is only necessary if they are
not already in the function search path.
The convention for autoloaded functions used in completion is that they
start with an underscore; as already mentioned, the fpath/FPATH
parameter must contain the directory in which they are stored. If zsh
was properly installed on your system, then fpath/FPATH automatically
contains the required directories.
For incomplete installations, if compinit does not find enough files
beginning with an underscore (fewer than twenty) in the search path, it
will try to find more by adding the directory _compdir to the search
path; if you have run compinstall, this will be set automatically.
Furthermore, if the directory in question ends in the path segment
Core, or has a subdirectory named Core, compinit will add all
subdirectories of the directory where Core is to the path: this allows
the functions to be in the same format as in the zsh source
distribution.
When compinit is run, it searches all such files accessible via
fpath/FPATH and reads the first line of each of them. This line should
contain one of the tags described below. Files whose first line does not
start with one of these tags are not considered to be part of the
completion system and will not be treated specially.
The tags are:
- #compdef names...
-
The file will be made autoloadable and the function defined
in it will be called when completing names, each of which is
either the name of a command whose arguments are to be completed or one of
a number of special contexts in the form -context- described
below for the _complete function.
- #compdef -p pattern
-
The file will be made autoloadable and the function defined in it will be
called when completing for a command whose name matches the given
pattern (a standard globbing pattern). Note that only one
pattern may be given.
- #compdef -P pattern
-
Like the previous one, but the function will be called only if no
completion function for the command on the line could be found.
- #compdef -k style key-sequences...
-
This can be used to bind special completion functions to the
key-sequences. It creates a widget behaving like the builtin widget
style, which must be one of those that perform completion, namely
complete-word, delete-char-or-list, expand-or-complete,
expand-or-complete-prefix, list-choices, menu-complete,
menu-expand-or-complete, or reverse-menu-complete. If the
complist module is loaded (see
section The zsh/complist Module), the menu-select widget can be used, too. Note that the
bindings will not be used if the key is already bound (that
is, is bound to something other than undefined-key).
The widget is then bound to all the key-sequences given, if any: when
one of the key-sequences is typed, the function in the file will
be invoked to generate the matches. The widget created has the same
name as the file and can also be bound to other keys using bindkey
as usual.
- #compdef -K widget-name style key-sequences ...
-
This is similar to -k, with the same style and key-sequences
arguments arguments, preceeded by a string giving the name of a widget.
In this case only one key-sequences argument may be given, but the
entire set of three arguments may be repeated with a different set of
arguments. In particular, the widget-name must be distinct in each
set. It should begin with `_', else one will be added, and should not
clash with the name of any existing widget: names based on the name of the
function are most useful. For example,
#compdef -K _foo_complete complete-word "^X^C" \
_foo_list list-choices "^X^D"
(all on one line) defines a widget _foo_complete for completion, bound
to `^X^C', and a widget _foo_list for listing, bound to `^X^D'.
- #autoload [ options ]
-
This is used for files defining utility function that are not to be
called directly as completion functions but should be loaded automatically
when invoked. Typically they are to be called from within one of the
completion functions.
The options will be given to the autoload builtin command
when making the function autoloaded. Note that the -U flag is
always used. Most often, this will be +X to force the function
being loaded immediately.
Note that the # is part of the tag name and no white space is allowed
after it. The #compdef tags use the compdef function described
below; the main difference is that the name of the function is supplied
implicitly.
Note also that the functions for the completion system assume that the
KSH_AUTOLOAD option is not set, they can't be loaded when it is
set. But when you can't or don't want to unset KSH_AUTOLOAD and
still want to use the completion system, you can simply use one or
more zwc file(s) created with the zcompile builtin command
with the -z option to load the functions for the completion system
from (see
section Shell Builtin Commands). This forces the functions to be autoloaded the way zsh normally
loads functions.
The compinit file defines the following function, which may
also be called directly by the user.
- compdef [ -an ] function names...
-
- compdef -d names...
-
- compdef -p [ -a ] function pattern
-
- compdef -P [ -a ] function pattern
-
- compdef -k [ -an ] function style key-sequences...
-
- compdef -K [ -an ] function name style key-sequences ...
-
The first form tells the completion system to call the given
function when completing for the contexts or commands
whose names are given: this is like the #compdef tag. If the
-n option is given, any existing completion behaviour for particular
contexts or commands will not be altered. These definitions can be deleted
by giving the -d option as in the second form.
The form with -p is similar to the first, but function will be
called for all commands whose name matches the pattern; this is like
the #compdef -p function tag.
The form with -P is like the third, but the function will be
called only if no function for the command itself was found or if one
was found and it set the _compskip parameter to a value not
containing the substring patterns.
The form with -k defines a widget with the same name as the function
which will be called for each of the key-sequences; this is like the
#compdef -k tag. The function should generate the completions needed
and will otherwise behave like the builtin widget whose name is given as
the style argument. The widgets usable for this are:
complete-word, delete-char-or-list, expand-or-complete,
expand-or-complete-prefix, list-choices, menu-complete,
menu-expand-or-complete, and reverse-menu-complete, as well as
menu-select if the zsh/complist module is loaded. The option -n
prevents the key being bound if it is already to bound to something other
than undefined-key.
The form with -K is similar and defines multiple widgets based on the
same function, each of which requires the set of three arguments
name, style and key-sequences, where the latter two are as
for -k and the first must be a unique widget name beginning with an
underscore.
In each of the forms supporting it the -a option makes the
function autoloadable (exactly equivalent to
autoload -U function).
This section gives a short overview of how the completion system works,
and then more detail on how users can configure how and when matches are
generated.
When completion is attempted somewhere on a command line the
completion system first tries to find out the context where completion
was tried. The context depends on such things as the name of the
command when completing an argument, and possibily also
the name of an option when completing an argument to that option.
For the context a name consisting of multiple fields is built. This
name is then used to look up styles that can be used to configure the
completion system. Since it is not possible to build the whole context
name in advance, completion function may modify some of the fields and
hence the context name used for lookup may vary during the same call
to the completion system.
The context name always consists of the following fields, separated
by colons:
-
The literal string completion, saying that this style is used by
the completion system.
-
The function; in many cases this field will be blank, but when
the completion system is called from other functions, like
predict-on or one of the functions in the Command directory of
the distribution, this field contains the (probably abbreviated) name
of that function.
-
The completer currently active, i.e. the name of the completer
function without the leading underscore. Such a completer is in
overall control of how completion is to be performed; `complete'
is the basic one for ordinary completion, but completers may perform
various related tasks such as correction, or modify the behaviour of a
later completer (see
section Control Functions
for more information).
-
The context or command. This is either one of the special
context names such as -condition- as explained for the
_complete completer below, or the name of the command we are
completing arguments for. Completion functions for commands that have
sub-commands usually modify this field to contain the name of the
command followed by a minus sign and the sub-command (e.g. the
completion function for the cvs command sets this field to strings
such as cvs-add when completing for the add sub-command).
-
The argument, describing which argument we are
completing. Normally this is either a string of the form
argument-n, where n is the number of the argument or it
is a string of the form -opt-n when completing the
n'th argument of the option opt.
-
The tag. Tags are used for two purposes: to describe the types
of matches a completion function can generate for a certain context
and to simplify the definition of styles that are tested.
As an example, the context name
:completion::complete:dvips:option-o-1:files
says that normal completion was attempted on an argument of the dvips
command (more precisely: completion was attempted on the first argument
after the -o option) and the completion function will generate
filenames for this context.
In many of the possible contexts the completion system can generate
matches, often multiple types of matches. These types are represented as
simple names called `tags'. The completion system will decide internally
what sort of tags are allowed; a list of the standard possibilities is given
below. To determine in which order the tags are to be used by the
completion function, the `tag-order' style for the appropriate
context may be set, as described in the list of standard styles below.
Only those types of matches whose tags were selected by this style
will be produced, and in the order given.
The _complete_help bindable command described in
section Bindable Commands
can be invoked to find out the context and tag names and styles used at a particular
point in completion. It shows a list of context names and the
tag names used in those contexts if completion were tried at the
current cursor position. Hence one can easily find out all the
information needed to change the behaviour of the tag-order style
for a particular context.
Completion behaviour can be modified by various other
styles defined with the zstyle builtin command (section The zsh/zutil Module).
When looking up styles the completion system uses full context names,
including the tag.
Styles determine such things as how the matches are generated; some of them
correspond to shell options (for example, the use of menu completion), but
styles provide more specific control. They can have any number of strings as
their value. Looking up the value of a style therefore consists of two
things: the context, which may be matched as a pattern, and the name of
the style itself, which must be given exactly.
For example, many completion functions can generate matches in a
simple and a verbose form and use the verbose style to decide
which form should be used. To make all such functions always use the
verbose form one can simply call
zstyle ':completion:*' verbose yes
in one of the startup files like .zshrc. This definition simply
means that the verbose style has yes as its value in every
context inside the completion system. If the pattern were `*', it
would mean that the verbose style had this value anywhere the style
mechanism is used.
As a more specific example, the completion function for the kill
builtin command uses the verbose style to decide if jobs and processes
are listed only as job numbers and process identifiers or if they are
listed with the full job texts and the command lines of the processes (the
latter is achieved by calling the ps command). To make this builtin
list the matches only as numbers one could call:
zstyle ':completion:*:*:kill:*' verbose no
Furthermore, if one wanted to see the command lines for processes but not the
job texts one could use the fact that the context name contains the tag name
when styles are looked up. As the function for the kill
builtin command uses the tags jobs and processes, we can use:
zstyle ':completion:*:*:kill:*:jobs' verbose no
Note that the order in which styles are defined does not matter; the
style mechanism uses the most specific possible match for a particular
style to determine the set of values. More precisely, strings are
preferred over patterns (for example, `:completion:complete:foo' is
more specific than `:completion:complete:*'), and longer patterns are
preferred over shorter patterns.
As for tags, completion functions can use any number of styles, so
there can't be a complete list. However, the following two sections
list those tags and styles that are used in many places of the
completion system.
Here are the tags currently used by the completion system. Note that
some of these tags are not actually used while generating matches,
but are only used by some completion functions when looking up
styles.
- accounts
-
used to look up the users-hosts style
- all-files
-
for the names of all files
- all-expansions
-
used by the _expand completer when adding the string containing
all expansions
- arguments
-
when an argument of a command may be completed
- arrays
-
for names of array parameters
- association-keys
-
for keys of associative arrays (e.g. when completing inside a
subscript of such a parameter)
- bookmarks
-
when completing bookmarks (e.g. for URLs and the zftp function suite)
- builtins
-
for names of builtin commands
- characters
-
used for commands like stty when completing characters; also used
when completing character classes after a opening bracket
- colors
-
for color names
- commands
-
for names of external commands and names of sub-commands (used by some
commands like cvs)
- corrections
-
used by the _approximate and _correct completers for the possible
corrections
- cursors
-
for cursor names used by X programs
- default
-
used to look up default values for various styles that may also be set
for tags that are used when generating matches
- descriptions
-
used when looking up the value of the format style for
descriptions
- devices
-
for names of device special files
- directories
-
for names of directories
- directory-stack
-
for entries in the directory stack
- displays
-
for X display names
- domains
-
for network domains
- expansions
-
used by the _expand completer for possible expansions
- extensions
-
for X server extensions
- files
-
used by completion functions that can complete some kind of filenames
and different types of matches
- fonts
-
used for X font names
- functions
-
names of functions (shell functions or other kinds of functions for
some commands)
- globbed-files
-
for names of files matching the glob pattern used by completion
functions that expect a certain type of file
- groups
-
used when completing names of user groups
- history-words
-
for words from the history
- hosts
-
for hostnames
- indexes
-
used for array indexes
- jobs
-
used for jobs
- keymaps
-
for names of zsh keymaps
- keysyms
-
for names of X keysyms
- local-directories
-
for names of directories in the current working directory when
completing for the cd builtin command
- libraries
-
for names of system libraries
- limits
-
for system limits
- manuals
-
for names of manual pages
- maps
-
for map names (e.g. YP maps)
- messages
-
used to look up the format style for messages
- modifiers
-
for names of X modifiers
- modules
-
for modules (e.g. zsh modules)
- my-accounts
-
used to look up the users-hosts style
- named-directories
-
for named directories (you wouldn't have guessed that, would you?)
- names
-
for all kinds of names
- nicknames
-
for nicknames of YP maps
- options
-
for command options
- original
-
used by the _approximate, _correct and _expand completers when
adding the original string
- other-accounts
-
used to look up the users-hosts style
- packages
-
for packages (e.g. rpm or installed Debian packages)
- parameters
-
for names of parameters
- path-directories
-
for names of directories in directories from the cdpath array when
completing for the cd builtin command
- paths
-
used to look up the values of the expand, ambiguous and
special-dirs styles
- pods
-
for perl pods
- ports
-
for communication ports
- prefixes
-
for prefixes (like those of an URL)
- printers
-
for printer names
- processes
-
for process identifiers
- processes-list
-
used to look up the command style when generating the list to
display for process identifiers
- processes-names
-
used to look up the command style when generating the names of
processes for killall
- sequences
-
for sequences (e.g. mh sequences)
- sessions
-
for sessions in the zftp function suite
- signals
-
for signal names
- strings
-
for strings (e.g. the replacement strings for the cd builtin
command)
- tags
-
for tags (e.g. rpm tags)
- targets
-
for makefile targets
- types
-
for types of whatever (e.g. adress types for the xhost command)
- urls
-
used to look up the path and local styles when completing URLs
- users
-
for usernames
- values
-
when completing a value out of a set of values (or a list of such
values)
- version
-
used by _call to look up the command to run to determine the installed
version of various other commands (currently diff and make).
- warnings
-
used to look up the format style for warnings
- widgets
-
for zsh widget names
- windows
-
for IDs of X windows
- zsh-options
-
for shell options
Here are the names of the styles used by the completion system. Note
that the values of several of these styles represent boolean
values. In all these cases any of the strings `true', `on',
`yes', and `1' can be used for the truth value `true' and
the strings `false', `off', `no', and `0' are
interpreted as `false'. The behavior for any other value is undefined
unless the description for the particular style mentions other
possible values.
- accept-exact
-
This is tested for the default tag and the tags used when generating
matches. If it is set to `true' for at least one match which is the
same as the string on the line, this match will immediately be
accepted.
- add-space
-
This style is used by the _expand completer. If it `true' (the
default), a space will be inserted after all words resulting forom the
expansion (except for directory names which get a slash).
It is also used by _prefix completers to decide if a space should
be inserted before the suffix.
- ambiguous
-
This is used with the paths tag by the function
generating filenames as matches to find out if the cursor should be left
after the first ambiguous pathname component even when menucompletion
is used.
- assign-list
-
When completing after an equal sign, the completion system normally
completes only one filename. But when completing the value for some
parameters or after other strings separated by an equal sign from a
value, a colon-separated list of filenames is needed. This style
can be set to a list of patterns matching the names of parameters for
which such a colon-separated list of filenames should be completed.
The default is to complete lists when the word on the line already
contains a colon.
- auto-description
-
If set, this style's value will be used as the description for options which
are not described by the completion functions, but that have exactly
one argument. The sequence `%d' in the value will be replaced by
the description for this argument. Depending on personal preferences,
it may be useful to set this style to something like `specify: %d'.
Note that this may not work for some commands.
- break-keys
-
This style is used by the incremental-complete-word widget (found
in the Functions/Zle directory of the distribution). Its value
should be a pattern and all keys matching this pattern will cause the
widget to stop incremental completion without the key having any
further effect.
- command
-
This style can be used to override the defaults in several completion
functions for how commands are called to generate information about
possible matches. The strings in the value are joined with spaces
between them to build the command line to execute. If the value starts
with a hyphen the string built will be prepended to the default
supplied by the completion function. This allows one to easily stick a
builtin or command in front of the default in case one has,
for example, a shell function with the same name as the command
called, but for completion purposes one needs to ensure that the real
command is called.
For example, the function generating process IDs as matches uses this
style with the processes tag to generate the IDs to complete and iwhen
the verbose style is `true', it uses this style with the
processes-list tag to generate the strings to display. When using
different values for these two tags one should ensure that the process
IDs appear in the same order in both lists.
- completer
-
The strings given as the value of this style give the names of the
completer functions to use. The available completer functions are
described in
section Control Functions.
Each string may be the name of a completer function or a string of the
form `function:name'. In the first case the
completer field of the context will contain the name of the
completer without the leading underscore and with all other
underscores replaced with hyphens. In the second case the
function is the name of the completer to call, but the context
will contain the name in the completer field of the
context. If the name starts with a hyphen, the string for the
context will be build from the name of the completer function as in
the first case with the name will be appended to it. For example:
zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _complete:-foo
Here, completion will call the _complete completer twice, once
using `complete' and once using `complete-foo' in the
completer field of the context. Normally, using the same
completer more than once makes only sense when used with the
`functions:name' form, because otherwise the context
name will be the same in all calls to the completer (possible
exception to this rule are the _ignored and _prefix
completers).
Note that the widget functions from the distribution that call the
completion code (namely, the incremental-complete-word and the
predict-on widgets) set up their top-level context name before
calling completion. This allows one to define different sets of
completer functions for normal completion and for these widgets. For
example, to use completion, approximation and correction for normal
completion, completion and correction for incremental completion and
only completion for prediction one could use:
zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _correct _approximate
zstyle ':completion:incremental:*' completer _complete _correct
zstyle ':completion:predict:*' completer _complete
The default value for this style is _complete _ignored,
i.e. normally only completion will be done, first using the
ignored-patterns style and the $fignore array and then without
ignoring matches because of these.
- completions
-
This style is used by the _expand completer function.
If this is set to an non-empty string it should be an expression
usable inside a `$((...))' arithmetical expression. The completer
function evaluates this expression and if the result is `1', no
expansions will be generated, but instead the completions will be
generated as normal and all of them will be inserted into the command
line.
- condition
-
This style is used by the _list completer function.
If it is not set or set to the empty string, the insertion of
matches will be delayed unconditionally. If it is set, the value
should be an expression usable inside a `$((...))'
arithmetical expression. In this case, delaying will be done if the
expression evaluates to `1'. For example, with
zstyle ':completion:*:list:::' condition 'NUMERIC != 1'
delaying will be done only if given an explicit numeric argument
other than `1'.
- cursor
-
The predict-on widget uses this style to decide where to place the
cursor after completion has been tried. Values are:
- complete
-
The cursor is left at the place where completion left it, but only if
it is after a character equal to the one just inserted by the user. If
it is after another character, this value is the same as `key'.
- key
-
The cursor is left
after the nth occurrence of the character just inserted, where
n is the number of times that character appeared in the word
before completion was attempted. In short, this has the effect of
leaving the cursor after the character just typed even if the
completion code found out that no other characters need to be inserted
at that position.
Any other value for this style unconditionally leaves the cursor at the
position where the completion code left it.
- disable-stat
-
This is used with the an empty tag by the function completing for the
cvs command to decide if the zsh/stat module should be used to
generate only names of modified files in the appropriate places.
- domains
-
If set, gives the names of network domains that should be
completed. If this is not set by the user domain names mentioned in
/etc/resolv.conf will be used.
- expand
-
This style is used when completing strings consisting of multiple
parts, such as path names. If its
value contains the string `prefix', the partially typed word from
the line will be expanded as far as possible even if trailing parts
can not be completed. If it contains the string `suffix'
and normal (non-menu-) completion is used, matching names for
components after the first ambiguous one will be added, too. This
means that the resulting string is the longest unambiguous string
possible, but if menucompletion is started on the list of matches
generated this way (e.g. due to the option AUTO_MENU being set),
this will also cycle through the names of the files in pathname
components after the first ambiguous one.
- file-patterns
-
In most places where filenames are completed, the function _files
is used which can be configured with this style. If the style is
unset, _files offers, one after another, up to three tags:
`globbed-files',
`directories' and `all-files', depending on the types of files
expected by the caller of _files.
If the file-patterns style is set, the default tags are not
used. Instead, the value of the style says which tags and which
patterns are to be offered. The strings in the value contain
specifications of the form
`pattern:tag'; each string may contain any number of
such specifications. The pattern gives a glob
pattern that is to be used to generate
filenames. If it contains the sequence `%p', that is replaced by
the pattern(s) given by the calling function.
Colons in the pattern have to be preceded by a backslash to
make them distinguishable from the colon before the tag. If more
than one pattern is needed, the patterns can be given inside braces,
separated by commas. The
tags of all strings in the value will be offered by _files
(again, one after another) and used when looking up other styles. For
strings containing more than one specification, the filenames for all
specifications will be generated at the same try. If
no `:tag' is given the `files' tag will be used. The
tag may also be
followed by an optional second colon and a description. If that is
given, this description will be used for the `%d' in the value of
the format style (if that is set) instead of the default
description supplied by the completion function. If the description
given here contains itself a `%d', that is replaced with the
description supplied by the completion function.
For example, to make the rm command first complete only names of
object files and the names of all files if no object file matches
the string on the line, one would do:
zstyle ':completion:*:*:rm:*' file-patterns \
'*.o:object-files' '%p:all-files'
Another interesting example is to change the default behaviour that
makes completion first offer files matching the patterns given by the
calling function, then the directories and then all files. Many people
prefer to get both the files matching the given patterns and the
directories in the first try and all files as the second try. To
achieve this, one could do:
zstyle ':completion:*' file-patterns \
'%p:globbed-files *(-/):directories' '*:all-files'
Note also that during the execution of completion functions, the
EXTENDED_GLOB option is in effect, so the characters `#',
`~' and `^' have special meanings in the patterns.
- file-sort
-
The completion function that generates filenames as possible matches
uses this style with the files tag to determine in which order the
names should be listed and completed when using menucompletion. The
value may be one of `size' to sort them by the size of the file,
links to sort them by the number of links to the file,
`modification' (or `time' or `date') to sort them by the last
modification time, `access' to sort them by the last access time, or
`inode' (or `change') to sort them by the last inode change
time. Any other value (or not setting this style at all) makes them be
sorted alphabetically by name. If the value contains the string
`reverse', sorting is done in decreasing order.
- format
-
If this is set for the descriptions tag, its value is used as a
string to display above matches in completion lists. The sequence
`%d' in this string will be replaced with a short description of
what these matches are. This string may also contain the sequences to
specify output attributes, such as `%b' and `%s'.
For the same purpose, this style is also tested with the tags used
when matches are generated before it is tested for the
descriptions tag. This gives the possibility to define different
format strings for different types of matches.
Note also that some completer functions define additional
`%'-sequences. These are described for the completer functions that
make use of them.
For the messages tag, this defines a string used by some
completion functions to display messages. Here, the `%d' is
replaced with the message given by the completion function.
Finally, for the warnings tag, it is printed when no matches could
be generated at all. In this case the `%d' is replaced with the
descriptions for the matches that were expected. If the value does not
contain a `%d', then those descriptions are added in the same way
as matches are added, i.e. they appear below the value for the
format style laid out in columns. The descriptions are added as if
for the tag warnings so that you can use the list-colors style
for that tag to highlight them.
Here and in all other cases where the completion system uses `%'
sequences, the `%' may be followed by field width specifications as
described for the zformat builtin command from the zutil
module, see
section The zsh/zutil Module.
- glob
-
Like completions, this is used by the _expand completer.
The value is used like the one for completions and if it evaluates to
`1', globbing will be attempted on the words resulting from
substitution (see the substitute style) or the original string
from the line.
- group-name
-
The completion system can put different types of matches in different
groups which are then displayed separately in the list of possible
completions. This style can be use to give the names for these groups
for particular tags. For example, in command position the completion
system generates names of builtin and external commands, names of
aliases and shell functions and reserved words as possible
completions. To have the external commands and shell functions listed
separately, one can set:
zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*:commands' group-name commands
zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*:functions' group-name functions
This also means that if the same name is used for different types of
matches, then those matches will be displayed together in the same
group.
If the name given is the empty string, then the name of the tag for
the matches will be used as the name of the group. So, to have all
different types of matches displayed separately, one can just set:
zstyle ':completion:*' group-name ''
All matches for which no group name is defined will be put in a group
named -default-.
- group-order
-
This style is to be used together with the group-name style. Once
different types of matches are put into different groups, this style
can be used to define in which order these groups should appear in the
list. The strings in the value are taken as group names and the named
groups will be shown in the order in which their names appear in the
value. All groups whose names are not given in the value of this style
will appear in the order defined by the function generating the
matches.
For example, to have names of builtin commands, shell functions and
external commands appear in this order when completing in command
position one would set:
zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*' group-order \
builtins functions commands
- groups
-
A style holding the names of the groups that should be completed. If
this is not set by the user, the group names from the YP database or
the file `/etc/group' will be used.
- hidden
-
If this is set to one of the `true' values, the matches for the tags
for which this is set will not appear in the list; only the
description for the matches as set with the format style will be
shown. If this is set to `all', not even the description will be
displayed.
Note that the matches will still be completed, they are just not shown
in the list. To avoid having matches considered as possible
completions at all the tag-order style can be modified as described
below.
- hosts
-
A style holding the names of hosts that should be completed. If this
is not set by the user the hostnames in `/etc/hosts' will be used.
- hosts-ports
-
This style is used by commands that need or accept hostnames and
ports. The strings in the value should be of the form
`host:port'. These hostnames and ports are completed
depending on the information already on the line, so that if, for
example, the hostname is already typed, only those ports will be
completed for which pairs with the hostname from the line exist.
- ignore-parents
-
The style is tested for the files tag to determine whether to ignore
the names of directories already mentioned in the current word, or the
name of the current working directory. The value must include one or both
of the following strings:
- parent
-
The name of any directory whose path is already contained in the word on
the line is ignored. For example, when completing after foo/../, the
directory foo will not be considered a valid completion.
- pwd
-
The name of the current working directory will not be completed, so that,
for example, completion after ../ will not use the name of the current
directory.
In addition, the value may include one or both of:
- ..
-
Ignore the specified directories only when the word on the line contains
the substring `../'.
- directory
-
Ignore only when names of directories are completed, not when completing
names of files.
Note that names of directories ignored because of one of the tests
will be ignored in the same way as the matches ignored because of the
ignored-patterns style. I.e., by using the _ignored completer
it is possible to complete these directories nonetheless.
- ignored-patterns
-
This style is used with the tags for adding matches and defines a couple
of patterns. All matches that are also matched by any of these patterns
are ignored (not offered as completions) until the _ignored completer
is tried (see the completer style). This is a more configurable
version of the shell parameter $fignore.
Note that during the execution of completion functions, the
EXTENDED_GLOB option is in effect, so the characters `#',
`~' and `^' have special meanings in the patterns.
- insert-unambiguous
-
This is used by the _match and _approximate completer
functions. If it is set to `true', the completer will start menu
completion only if no unambiguous string could be generated that is at
least as long as the original string from the line. Note that the
_approximate completer uses it after setting the completer field
in the context name to one of correct-num or
approximate-num, where num is the number of errors that
were accepted.
- last-prompt
-
This is used to determine if the completion code should try to put the
cursor back onto the previous command line after showing a completion
listing (as for the ALWAYS_LAST_PROMPT option). Like several other
styles it is tested for the default tag and all tags used when
generating matches. The cursor will be moved back to the previous line
if this style is `true' for all types of matches added. Note also that
this is independent of the numeric argument -- unlike the
ALWAYS_LAST_PROMPT option.
- list
-
This is used by the _history_complete_word bindable command
(context `:completion:history-words') and by the
incremental-complete-word widget (context `:completion:incremental).
The _history_complete_word bindable command uses this style to
decide if the available matches should be shown.
When using the incremental-complete-word widget, this style says
if the matches should be listed on every key press (if they fit on the
screen).
The predict-on widget uses this style to decide if the completion
should be shown even if there is only one possible completion. This is
done if the value of this style is the string always.
- list-colors
-
If the zsh/complist module is used, this style can be used to set
color specifications as with the ZLS_COLORS and ZLS_COLOURS
parameters (see
section The zsh/complist Module).
If this style is set for the default tag, the strings in the value
are taken as specifications that are to be used everywhere. If it is
set for other tags, the specifications are used only for matches of
the type described by the tag. For this to work, the group-name
style has to be set to an empty string. If the group-name tag
specifies other names for the groups the matches in these groups can
be colored by using these names together with the `(group)...'
syntax described for the ZLS_COLORS and ZLS_COLOURS parameters
and adding the specifications to the value for this style with the
default tag.
To be able to share the same specifications one has set up for the GNU
version of the ls command one can use:
zstyle ':completion:*:default' list-colors ${(s.:.)LS_COLORS}
And to get the default colors (which are the same as for the GNU
ls command) one should set the style to an empty value.
- list-packed
-
Like the list-colors style, this is tested with the default
tag and all tags used when generating matches. If it is set to `true'
for a tag, the matches added for it will be listed as if the
LIST_PACKED option were set for them. If it is set to `false',
they are listed normally.
- list-prompt
-
If this style is set for the default tag,
completion lists that don't fit on the screen can be scrolled (see
section The zsh/complist Module). The value, if not the empty string, will be displayed after every
screenful, prompting for a key press. If the value is the empty
string, a default prompt will be used. It may contain the escape
`%l' or `%L' which will be
replaced by the number of the last line displayed and the total number
of lines. A `%m' or `%M' will be replaced by the number of the
last match shown and the total number of matches and `%p' and
`%P' will be replaced by `Top' when at the beginning of the
list, `Bottom' when at the end and the position shown in percent
of the total length. In each of these cases the form with the
uppercase letter is replaced by a string of fixed width, padded to the
right with spaces. As
usual, the `%S', `%s', `%B', `%b', `%U', `%u',
and `%{...%}' escapes for the terminal display modes are
understood, too.
Note that this style has a default value. If you don't want to use
scrolling, set this style to an empty string.
- list-rows-first
-
This style is tested like the list-packed style and determines if
matches are to be listed in a rows-first fashion, as for the
LIST_ROWS_FIRST option.
- local
-
This style is used by completion functions which generate URLs as
possible matches to add suitable matches when a URL points to a
local web server. Its value should consist of three strings: a
hostname, the path to the default web pages for the server and the
directory name used by a user placing web pages within their home
area.
- match-original
-
This is used by the _match completer. If it is set to
only, _match will try to generate matches without inserting a
`*' at the cursor position. If set to any other non-empty value,
it will first try to generate matches without inserting the `*'
and if that yields no matches, it will try again with the `*'
inserted.
- matcher
-
This style is tested for tags used when generating matches. Its value
is used as an additional match specification to use when adding the
matches as described in
section Matching Control.
- matcher-list
-
This style is used by the main completion function to retrieve match
specifications that are to be used everywhere. Its value should be a
list of such specifications. The completion system will try them one
after another for each completer selected. For example, to first try
simple completion and, if that generates no matches, case-insensitive
completion one would do:
zstyle ':completion:*' matcher-list '' 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}'
But the style allows even finer control: the style is looked up for
every completer tried with the name of the completer (without the
leading underscore) in the context name. For example, if one uses the
completers _complete and _prefix and wants to try
case-insensitive completion only when using the _complete
completer, one would do:
zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _prefix
zstyle ':completion:*:complete:*' matcher-list '' 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}'
Note that the completer style allows to give user-defined names to
use in the context instead of the name of the completer.
This is useful if, for example, one wants to try
normal completion without a match specification and with
case-insensitive matching first, correction if that doesn't generate
any matches and partial-word completion if that doesn't yield any
matches either. In such a case one can give the _complete
completer more than once in the completer style and define different
match specifications for them, as in:
zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _correct _complete:foo
zstyle ':completion:*:complete:*' matcher-list \
'' 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}'
zstyle ':completion:*:foo:*' matcher-list \
'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z} r:|[-_./]=* r:|=*'
Note that in any case an unset style makes the completion code use no
global match specification. Also, some completers (like _correct
and _approximate) do not use the match specifications. But even if
such completers are used one can use the simple form to set this style
(as in the first example above) because such completers will make sure
that they are executed only once even if multiple match specifications
have been given.
- max-errors
-
This is used by the _approximate and _correct completer functions
to determine the maximum number of errors to accept. The completer will try
to generate completions by first allowing one error, then two errors, and
so on, until either a match was found or the maximum number of errors
given by this style has been reached.
If the value for this style contains the string `numeric', the
completer function will take any numeric argument as the
maximum number of errors allowed. For example, with
zstyle ':completion:*:approximate:::' max-errors 2 numeric
two errors will be allowed if no numeric argument is given. However,
with a numeric argument of six (as in `ESC-6 TAB'), up to six
errors are accepted. Hence with a value of `0 numeric', no correcting
completion will be attempted unless a numeric argument is given.
If the value contains the string `not-numeric', the completer
will not try to generate corrected
completions when given a numeric argument, so in this case the number given
should be greater than zero. For example, `2 not-numeric' specifies that
correcting completion with two errors will usually be performed, but if a
numeric argument is given, correcting completion will not be
performed.
The default value for this style is `2 numeric'.
- menu
-
This style is tested for the default tag and the tags used when
adding matches. The value should be one of the `true' values (yes,
true, 1, or on) if menu completion should be started when
matches for the given tag (or always in case of the default tag)
are generated. If none of these values is defined for any of the tags
used, but for at least one of these tags the value is the string
`auto', this says that the same behavior as for the AUTO_MENU
option should be used. Finally, if menucompletion is started by some
other means (e.g. by setting the MENU_COMPLETE option) and the
value for one of the tags used is `false' (i.e. no, false,
0, or off), then menucompletion will not be started for
this completion. Note that the values defined for normal tags
override the value set for the default tag.
Either instead of or in addition to one of the values above, the value
for this style may also contain the string `select', optionally
followed by an equal sign and a number. In this case menu-selection
(as defined by the zsh/computil module) will be started. Without the
optional number, it will be started unconditionally and with a number
it will be started only if at least that many matches are generated
(if the values for more than one tag define such a number, the
smallest one is taken). Starting menuselection can explicitly be
turned off by defining a value containing the string
`no-select'.
- numbers
-
This is used with the jobs tag. If it is `true', the completions
will use the job numbers instead of the shortest unambiguous strings
of the jobs' command lines. If the value is a number, job numbers will
only be used if for at least one of the jobs that many (or more) words
from the command line string have to be used to make the strings
unambiguous. E.g. if it is set to `1', strings will only be used
if all jobs differ in the first word on their command lines.
- old-list
-
This is used by the _oldlist completer. If this is set to `always',
then standard widgets which perform listing will retain the current list of
matches, however they were generated. If it is set to `never', this is
not done (the behaviour without the _oldlist completer). If it is
unset, or any other value, then the existing list of completions is
displayed if it is not already; otherwise, the standard completion
list is generated (this is the default behaviour of
_oldlist). However, if there is an old list and this style contains
the name of the completer function that generated the list, then the
old list will be used even if it was generated by a widget which does
not do listing.
For example, suppose you type ^Xc to use the _correct_word
widget, which generates a list of corrections for the word under the
cursor. Usually, typing ^D would generate a standard list of
completions for the word on the command line, and show that. With
_oldlist, it will instead show the list of corrections already
generated.
As another example consider the _match completer: with the
insert-unambiguous style set to `true' it inserts only an
unambiguous prefix string if there is any. But since this may remove
parts of the original pattern, attempting completion again may result
in more matches than on the first attempt. But by using the
_oldlist completer and setting this style to _match, the list of
matches generated on the first attempt will be used again.
- old-menu
-
This is used by the _oldlist completer. Here it controls how menu
completion behaves when a completion has already been inserted and the
user types a standard completion key type such as TAB. The default
behaviour of _oldlist is that menu completion always continues
with the existing list of completions. If this style is set to
`false', however, a new completion is started if the old list was
generated by a different completion command (the behaviour without the
_oldlist completer).
For example, suppose you type ^Xc to generate a list of corrections,
and menu completion is started in one of the usual ways. Usually, typing
TAB at this point would start trying to complete the line as it now
appears. With _oldlist, it instead continues to cycle through the
list of completions.
- original
-
This is used by the _approximate and _correct
completers to decide if the original string should be added as
one possible completion. Normally, this is done only if there are
at least two possible corrections, but if this style is set to `true', it
is always added. Note that these completers use this style after
setting the completer field in the context name to
correct-num or approximate-num, where num is
the number of errors that were accepted.
- packageset
-
This style is used when completing arguments of the Debian `dpkg'
program. It contains an override for the default package set
for a given context. For example,
zstyle ':completion:*:complete:dpkg:option--status-1:' packageset avail
causes available packages, rather than only installed packages,
to be completed for `dpkg --status'.
- path
-
This is used together with the the urls tag by completion
functions that generate URLs as possible matches. It should be set to
the path of a directory containing sub-directories named like
`http', `ftp', `bookmark', and so on. These
sub-directories should contain files and other sub-directories whose
pathnames are possible completions after the initial `http://',
`ftp://', etc. See the description in the file _urls in the
User sub-directory of the completion system for more information.
Also, the function that completes color names uses this style with the
colors tag. Here, the value should be the pathname of a file
containing color names in the format of an X11 rgb.txt file. That
file (if it can be found) will be used as the default if the style is
not set.
- ports
-
A style holding the service names of ports to complete. If this is
not set by the user, the service names from `/etc/services' will
be used.
- prefix-hidden
-
This is used when matches with a common prefix are added (e.g. option
names). If it is `true', this prefix will not be shown in the list of
matches.
The default value for this style is `false'.
- prefix-needed
-
This, too, is used for matches with a common prefix. If it is set to
`true' this common prefix has to be typed by the user to generate the
matches. E.g. for options this means that the `-', `+', or
`--' has to be on the line to make option names be completed at
all.
The default style for this style is `true'.
- prompt
-
The incremental-complete-word widget shows the value of this
style in the status line during incremental completion. The string
value may contain any of the following substrings in the manner of
the PS1 and other prompt parameters:
- %c
-
Replaced by the name of the completer function that generated the
matches (without the leading underscore).
- %l
-
When the list style is set,
replaced by `...' if the list of matches is too long to fit on the
screen and with an empty string otherwise. If the list style is
`false' or not set, `%l' is always removed.
- %n
-
Replaced by the number of matches generated.
- %s
-
Replaced with `-no match-', `-no prefix-', or an empty string
if there is no completion matching the word on the line, if the
matches have no common prefix different from the word on the line, or
if there is such a common prefix, respectively.
- %u
-
Replaced by the unambiguous part of all matches, if there
is any, and if it is different from the word on the line.
- remove-all-dups
-
The _history_complete_word bindable command uses this to decide if
all duplicate matches should be removed, rather than just consecutive
duplicates.
- select-prompt
-
If this is set for the default tag, its
value will be displayed during menu-selection (see the menu style
above) when the completion list does not fit on the screen as a
whole. The same escapes as for the list-prompt style are
understood, but give the number of the match or line the mark is
on. As for list-prompt, a default prompt is used when the value is
the empty string.
- select-scroll
-
This style is tested for the default tag and determines how a
completion list is scrolled during a menu-selection (see the menu
style above) when the completion list does not fit on the screen as a
whole. Its value should be `0' (zero) to scroll by
half-screenfuls, a positive integer to scroll by that many lines and a
negative number to scroll by the number of lines of the screen minus
that number (or plus the number, since it is negative).
- single-ignored
-
This is used by the _ignored completer. It specifies what
should be done if it can generate only one match, which is often a
special case. If its value is `show', the single match will only be shown,
not inserted. If the value is `menu', then the single match and the
original string are both added as matches and menucompletion is
started so that one can easily select either of them.
- sort
-
If set to `true', completion functions that generate words from the
history as possible matches sort these words alphabetically instead of
keeping them in the order in which they appear in the history (from
youngest to oldest).
This is also used by the _expand completer. Here, if it is set to
`true', the expansions generated will always be sorted. If it is set
to `menu', then the expansions are only sorted when they are offered
as single strings (not in the string containing all possible
expansions).
- special-dirs
-
Normally, the completion code will not produce the directory names
`.' and `..' as possible completions. If this style is set to
`true', it will add both `.' and `..' as possible completions,
if it is set to `..', only `..' will be added.
- squeeze-slashes
-
If set to `true', sequences of slashes (like in `foo//bar') will be
treated as if they were only one slash when completing pathnames.
- stop
-
If set to `true', the _history_complete_word bindable
command will always insert matches as if menucompletion were started
and it will stop when the last match is inserted. If this style is set
to `verbose' a message will be displayed when the last match is
reached.
- stop-keys
-
This style is used by the incremental-complete-word
widget. Its value is used like the one for the break-keys
style. But all keys matching the pattern given as its value will stop
incremental completion and will then execute their usual function.
- subst-globs-only
-
This is used by the _expand completer. As for the glob style,
the value should be a value usable in a `$((...))' arithmetical
expression. If it evaluates to `1', the expansion will only be
used if they resulted from globbing. If only the expansions described
for the substitute style described below resulted in expanded
strings and globbing did not change the set of expanded strings, the
_expand completer will do nothing.
- substitute
-
If this is unset or set to the empty string, the _expand completer
will first try to expand all substitutions in the string (such as
`$(...)' and `${...}'). If this is set to an
non-empty string it should be an expression usable inside a `$((...))'
arithmetical expression. In this case, expansion of substitutions will
be done if the expression evaluates to `1'. For example, with
zstyle ':completion:*:expand:::' substitute '${NUMERIC:-1} != 1'
substitution will be performed only if given an explicit numeric
argument other than `1', as by typing `ESC 2 TAB'.
- tag-order
-
This provides a mechanism for sorting how the tags available in a
particular context will be used.
The values for the style are sets of space-separated lists of tags.
The tags in each value will be tried at the same time; if no match is
found, the next value is used. (See the file-patterns style for
an exception to this behavior.)
For example:
zstyle ':completion:*:complete:gunzip:*' tag-order \
arguments options
specifies that completion after gunzip should offer completions for
both arguments and options immediately, instead of offering first
arguments and then option as usual.
In addition to tag names, each string in the value may take one of the
following forms:
- -
-
If any string in the value consists of only a hyphen,
then only the tags specified by the other strings in the value are
generated. Normally all tags not explicitly selected are tried last
if the specified tags fail to generate any matches. This means
that a value of only one hyphen turns off completion in a particular
context.
- ! tags...
-
A string starting with an exclamation mark
specifies names of tags that are not to be used. The effect is
the same as if all other possible tags for the context had been
listed.
- tag:label ...
-
In strings not starting with an exclamation mark, it is also possible
to specify tag labels instead of only tags, where tag is one of
the tags offered
by the completion function for the current context and label is a
name. For this, the completion function will generate matches in the
same way as for the tag but it will use the label in place
of the tag in the context names used to look up styles. If the
label starts with a hyphen, the tag is prepended to the
label to form the name used for lookup. This can be
used to make the completion system try a certain tag more than once,
supplying different style settings for each attempt. For example,
zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*' \
tag-order 'functions:-non-comp'
zstyle ':completion:*:functions-non-comp' \
ignored-patterns '_*'
Makes completion in command position first try only names of shell
functions that don't match the pattern `_*'. If that generates no
matches, the default of trying all the other things that can be
completed in command position is used, including the names of all
shell functions.
The label may optionally be followed by a second colon and a
description. This description will then be used for the `%d' in
the value of the format style instead of the default description
supplied by the completion function. Spaces in the description have to
be quoted by preceding them with a backslash and a `%d' appearing
in the description is replaced with the description given by the
completion function.
- func()
-
The function func is called, which can then define the order
in which tags are to be used based on additional context
information. See the _sort_tags function below for a description
of how such functions can be implemented. The return value of the
function is used to decide if the following values for the style
should be used. If it is zero, they are used and if it is non-zero,
they are not used. For example:
non-empty() { [[ -n $PREFIX ]] }
zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*' tag-order 'non-empty()'
Makes completion in command position happen only if the string on the
line is not empty (this is tested using the PREFIX
parameter which is special in completion widgets, see
the section section Completion System
for a description of these special parameters).
In each of the cases above, the tag may also be a pattern or more than
one pattern inside braces and separated by commas. In this
case all of the offered tags matching the pattern(s) will be used except
for those that are given explicitly in the same string. There are
probably two main uses of this. One is the case where one wants to try
one of the tags more than once, setting other styles differently for
each try, but still wants to use all the other tags without having to
bother to repeat them all. For example, to make completion of function
names in command position first ignore all the completion functions
starting with an underscore, one could do:
zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*' tag-order \
'functions:-non-comp *' functions
zstyle ':completion:*:functions-non-comp' ignored-patterns '_*'
Here, the completion system will first try all tags offered, but will
use the tag label functions-non-comp when looking up styles for
the function names completed. For this, the ignored-patterns style
is set to exclude functions starting with an underscore from the set
of possible matches. If none of the generated matches match the string
on the line, the completion system will use the second value of the
tag-order style and complete functions names again, but this time
using so name functions to look up styles, so that the
ignored-patterns style is not used and all function names
are considered.
Of course, this can also be used to split the matches for one tag into
different groups. For example:
zstyle ':completion:*' tag-order 'options:-long:long\ options
options:-short:short\ options
options:-single-letter:single\ letter\ options'
zstyle ':completion:*:options-long' ignored-patterns '[-+](|-|[^-]*)'
zstyle ':completion:*:options-short' ignored-patterns '--*' '[-+]?'
zstyle ':completion:*:options-single-letter' ignored-patterns '???*'
With the group-names style set, this makes options beginning with
`--', options beginning with a single `-' or `+' but
containing multiple characters, and single-letter options be displayed
in separate groups with different descriptions.
The second interesting use of patterns is the case where one wants to
try multiple match specifications one after another. The
matcher-list style offers something similar, but it is tested very
early in the completion system and hence can't be set for single
commands nor for more specific contexts. So, to make completion for
the arguments of the command foo, and only for this command, first
try normal completion with out any match specification and, if that
generates no matches, try again with case-insensitive matching, one
could do:
zstyle ':completion:*:*:foo:*' tag-order '*' '*:-case'
zstyle ':completion:*-case' matcher 'm:{a-z}={A-Z}'
This causes the completion system to first try all the tags offered
when completing after foo and use the tags to do the lookup. If
that generates no matches, the second value of tag-order is
used. This means all tags are tried again, but this time using the
names of the tags with the -case appended to them for lookup of
styles. I.e. in this second attempt, the value for the matcher
style from the second call to zstyle in the example is used
to make completion case-insensitive.
If no style has been defined for a context, the strings `arguments
values' and `options' plus all tags offered by the completion
function will be used to provide a sensible default behavior.
- use-compctl
-
If this style is set to a string not equal to false, 0,
no, and off, the completion system may use any completion
specifications defined with the compctl builtin command. If the
style is unset, this is done only if the zsh/compctl module
is loaded. The string may also contain the substring `first' to
make the definition for `compctl -T' be used, and the substring
`default' to make the one for `compctl -D' be used.
Note that this is only intended to smooth the transition from
compctl to the new completion system and may disappear in the
future.
Note also that the definitions from compctl will only be used if
there is no special completion function for the command completion is
done upon.
- users
-
This may be set to a list of names that should be completed whenever
a username is needed. If it is not set or the string on the line
doesn't match any of the strings in this list, all usernames will be
completed.
- users-hosts
-
The values of this style should be of the form
`user@host' or `user:host'. It is used for
commands that need pairs of
user- and hostnames. For such commands, only the pairs from this style
are used and if, for example, the username is already typed, then only
the hostnames for which there is a pair with that username is defined.
If set for the my-accounts tag, this is used for commands such as
rlogin and ssh. I.e. the style should contain the names of the
user's own accounts. With the other-accounts tag this is used for
commands such as talk and finger and should contain other
people's accounts. Finally, this may also be used by some commands with
the accounts tag.
- users-hosts-ports
-
Like users-hosts but used for commands like telnet and
containing strings of the form `user@host:port'.
- verbose
-
This is used in several contexts to decide if only a simple or a
verbose list of matches should be generated. For example some commands
show descriptions for option names if this style is `true'.
The default value for this style is `true'.
- word
-
To find out if listing should be performed on its own, the _list
completer normally compares the contents of the line with the contents
the line had at the time of the last invocation. If this style is set to
`true', comparison is done using only the current word. In this case,
attempting completion on a word equal to the one when completion was called
the last time will not delay the generation of matches.
The initialization script compinit redefines all the widgets
which perform completion to call the supplied widget function
_main_complete. This function acts as a wrapper calling the
so-called `completer' functions that generate matches. If
_main_complete is called with arguments, these are taken as the
names of completer functions to be called in the order given. If no
arguments are given, the set of functions to try is taken from the
completer style. For example, to use normal completion and
correction if that doesn't generate any matches:
zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _correct
after calling compinit. The default value for this style
is `_complete', i.e. normally only ordinary
completion is tried. The _main_complete function uses the return
value of the completer functions to decide if other completers should be
called. If the return value is zero, no other completers are tried and the
_main_complete function returns.
The following completer functions are contained in the distribution (users
may write their own):
- _complete
-
This completer generates all possible completions in a context-sensitive
manner, i.e. using the settings defined with the compdef function
explained above and the current settings of all special parameters.
To complete arguments of commands, _complete uses the utility function
_normal, which is in turn responsible for finding the particular
function; it is described below. Various contexts of the form
-context-, as mentioned above for the #compdef tag, are
handled specially. These are:
- -equal-
-
for completion after an equal sign, other than one occurring in a
shell-variable assignment.
- -tilde-
-
for completion after a tilde (`~') character, but before a slash.
- -redirect-
-
for completion after a redirection operator.
- -math-
-
for completion inside mathematical contexts, such as
`((...))'.
- -subscript-
-
for completion inside subscripts.
- -value-
-
for completion on the right hand side of an assignment.
- -array-value-
-
for completion on the right hand side of an array-assignment
(`foo=(...)').
- -condition-
-
for completion inside conditions (`[[...]]').
- -parameter-
-
for completing the name of a parameter expansion (`$...').
- -brace-parameter-
-
for completing the name of a parameter expansion within braces
(`${...}').
- -first-
-
for adding completions before any other completion functions are
tried; if this
function sets the _compskip parameter to all, no other
completion functions will be called, if it is set to a string
containing the substring patterns, no pattern completion functions
will be called, and if it is set to a string containing default
the function for the `-default-' context will not be called, but
functions defined for commands will.
- -default-
-
for generating completions when no special completion function is used.
- -command-
-
for completing in a command position.
Default implementations are supplied for each of these
contexts, in most cases named after the context itself
(e.g. completion for the `-tilde-' context is done by the function
named `_tilde').
Before trying to find a function for a specific context, _complete
checks if the parameter `compcontext' is set to a non-empty
value. If it is, the value is taken as the name of the context to use
and the function defined for that context will be called.
- _approximate
-
This completer function uses the _complete completer to generate
a list of strings for the context the cursor is currently in, allowing
you to specify a maximum number of errors: see the description of
approximate matching in
section Filename Generation
for how errors are
counted. The resulting list of corrected and completed strings is then
presented to the user. The intended use of this completer function is to
try after the normal _complete completer by setting:
zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _approximate
This will give correcting completion if and only if
normal completion doesn't yield any possible completions. When
corrected completions are found, the completer will normally start
menucompletion allowing you to cycle through these strings.
This completer uses the tags corrections and original when
generating the possible coprrections and the original string. The
format style for the former may contain the additional sequences
`%e' and `%o' which will be replaced by the number of errors
accepted to generate the corrections and the original string,
respectively.
Like all completers _approximate uses its name without the
undersccore in the completer field of the context name. Once it
has started trying to generate matches, it will append a minus sign
and the number of errors accepted in this attempt to its name. So on the
first try the field contains `approximate-1', on the
second try `approximate-2', and so on.
- _correct
-
Generate corrections (but not completions) for the current word; this is
similar to spell-checking. This calls _approximate but uses a
different completer field in the context name.
For example, with:
zstyle ':completion:::::' completer _complete _correct _approximate
zstyle ':completion:*:correct:::' accept 2 not-numeric
zstyle ':completion:*:approximate:::' accept 3 numeric
correction will accept up to two errors. If a numeric argument is
given, correction will not be performed, but correcting completion
will be, and will accept as many errors as given by the numeric
argument. Without a numeric argument, first correction and then
correcting completion will be tried, with the first one accepting two
errors and the second one accepting three errors.
This completer function is intended to be used without the
_approximate completer or, as in the example, just before
it. Using it after the _approximate completer is useless since
_approximate will at least generate the corrected strings
generated by the _correct completer -- and probably more.
- _match
-
This completer is intended to be used after the _complete
completer. It allows one to give patterns on the command line and
to complete all strings matching these patterns from the set of
possible completions for the context the cursor is in, without having
to set the GLOB_COMPLETE option.
Normally this will be done by taking the pattern from the line,
inserting a `*' at the cursor position and comparing the resulting
pattern with the possible completions generated. However, if the
match-original style has a value of only, no `*' will be
inserted. If match-original has any other non-empty string as its
value, this completer will first try to generate matches without, then
with a `*' inserted at the cursor position.
The generated matches will be offered in a menucompletion unless the
insert-unambiguous style is set to `true'. In
this case menucompletion will only be started if no unambiguous string
could be generated that is at least as long as the original string.
Note that the matcher specifications defined globally or used by the
completion functions will not be used.
- _expand
-
This completer function does not really do completion, but instead
checks if the word on the command line is eligible for expansion and,
if it is, gives detailed control over how this expansion is done. When
using this, one should not use the expand-or-complete widget, but
instead use complete-word, as otherwise expand-or-complete
will expand the string on the line before the completion widget is
called. Also, this completer should be called before the _complete
completer function.
The tags used when generating expansions are all-expansions for
the string containing all possible expansions, expansions when
adding the possible expansions as single matches and original when
adding the original string from the line. In which order these strings
are generated and which of these strings are generated at all can be
controlled by using the group-order style and by modifying the
tag-order style, as usual.
The format string for all-expansions and for expansions may
contain the sequence `%o' which will be replaced by the original
string from the line.
Which kind of expansion is tried is controlled by the substitute
and glob styles. Note that neither of these has a default value so
that they have to be set to make _expand generate any expansions
at all.
In a different mode selected by the completions style, all
completions generated for the string on the line are inserted.
- _history
-
Complete words from the shell's command history. This completer
uses the remove-all-dups, and sort styles also used by the
_history_complete_word bindable command, see
section Completion System Configuration.
- _list
-
This completer allows one to delay the insertion of matches until
completion is attempted a second time without the word on the line
being changed. On the first attempt, only the list of matches will be
shown. Styles used are condition and word, see
section Completion System Configuration.
- _oldlist
-
This completer controls how the standard completion widgets behave
when there is an existing list of completions which may have been
generated by a special completion (i.e. a separately-bound completion
command). It should appear in the list of completers before any of
the widgets which generate matches. It uses two styles: old-list and
old-menu, see
section Completion System Configuration.
- _prefix
-
This completer can be used to try completion with the suffix after the
cursor ignored. I.e. the suffix will not be considered to be part of
the word to complete and hence does not need to be matched. It uses
the completer style to decide which other completers to call to
try to generate matches. If this style is unset, the completers
currently used by the whole completion are used -- except, of course,
the _prefix completer itself. Also, if this completer appears more
than once in the list of completers only those completers not
already tried by the last invocation of _prefix will be
called.
For example, consider this global completer style:
zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _prefix _correct _prefix:foo
This makes the _prefix completer try normal completion with the
suffix ignored. If that doesn't generate any matches and neither does
the call to the _correct completer after it, then _prefix will
be called a second time and will now only try correction with the
suffix ignored. If you want to use _prefix as the last resort and
want it to try only normal completion, you need to call:
zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete ... _prefix
zstyle ':completion::prefix:*' completer _complete
The add-space style is used, too. If it is set to `true' then
_prefix will insert a space between the matches generated (if any)
and the suffix.
Note that using this completer will only work if the
COMPLETE_IN_WORD option is set. Because otherwise the cursor will
be set after the word before the completion code is called and hence
there will be no suffix.
- _ignored
-
Using the ignored-patterns style it is possible to make some
matches be ignored. This completer allows to complete these matches as
if no ignored-patterns style were set. Which completers are called
for this is determined in the same way as for the _prefix
completer.
Finally, _ignored uses the single-ignored style if only one
match could be generated. It can be set to show to make that match
be only displayed, not inserted into the line or it can be set to
menu to make the single match and the original string from the
line be offered in a menucompletion.
- _menu
-
This completer is a simple example function implemented to show how
menucompletion can be done in shell code. It should be used as the
first completer and has the effect of making the code perform
menucompletion. Note that this is independent of the setting of the
MENU_COMPLETE option and does not work with the other
menucompletion widgets such as reverse-menu-complete, or
accept-and-menu-complete.
In addition to the context-dependent completions provided, which are
expected to work in an intuitively obvious way, there are a few widgets
implementing special behaviour which can be bound separately to keys. The
following is a list of these and their default bindings.
- _bash_completions
-
This function is used by two widgets, _bash_complete-word and
_bash_list-choices. It exists to provide compatibility with
completion bindings in bash. The last character of the binding determines
what is completed: `!', command names; `$', environment variables;
`@', host names; `/', file names; `~' user names. In bash, the
binding preceeded by `\e' gives completion, and preceeded by `^X'
lists options. As some of these bindings clash with standard zsh
bindings, only `\e~' and `^X~' are bound by default. To add the
rest, the following should be added to .zshrc after compinit has
been run:
for key in '!' '$' '@' '/' '~'; do
bindkey "\e$key" _bash_complete-word
bindkey "^X$key" _bash_list-choices
done
This includes the bindings for `~' in case they were already bound to
something else; the completion code does not override user bindings.
- _correct_filename (^XC)
-
Correct the filename path at the cursor position. Allows up to six errors
in the name. Can also be called with an argument to correct
a filename path, independently of zle; the correction is printed on
standard output.
- _correct_word (^Xc)
-
Performs correction of the current argument using the usual contextual
completions as possible choices. This stores the string
`correct-word' in the function field of the context name and
then calls the _correct completer.
- _expand_word (^Xe)
-
Performs expansion on the current word: equivalent to the standard
expand-word command, but using the _expand completer. Before
calling it, the function field is set to `expand-word'.
Different from _expand, this uses a `1' (one) as default
value for the substitute and glob styles, i.e. both types of
expansion will normally be performed.
- _history_complete_word (\e/)
-
Complete words from the shell's command history. This uses the
list, remove-all-dups, sort, and stop styles.
- _most_recent_file (^Xm)
-
Complete the name of the most recently modified file matching the pattern
on the command line (which may be blank). If given a numeric argument
N, complete the Nth most recently modified file. Note the
completion, if any, is always unique.
- _next_tags (^Xn)
-
This allows to complete types of matches that are not immediately
offered because of the setting of the tag-order style. After a
normal completion was tried, invoking this command makes the matches
for the next tag (or set of tags) be used. Repeatedly invoking this
command makes the following tags be used.
- _read_comp (^X^R)
-
Prompt the user for a string, and use that to perform completion on the
current word. There are two possibilities for the string. First, it can
be a set of words beginning `_', for example `_files -/', in which
case the function with any arguments will be called to generate the
completions. Unambiguous parts of the function name will be completed
automatically (normal completion is not available at this point) until a
space is typed.
Any other string will be passed as a set of arguments to
compadd and should hence be an expression specifying what should
be completed.
A very restricted set of editing commands is available when reading the
string: `DEL' and `^H' delete the last character; `^U' deletes
the line, and `^C' and `^G' abort the function, while `RET'
accepts the completion. Note the string is used verbatim as a command
line, so arguments must be quoted in accordance with standard shell rules.
Once a string has been read, the next call to _read_comp will use the
existing string instead of reading a new one. To force a new string to be
read, call _read_comp with a numeric argument.
- _complete_help (^Xh)
-
This widget displays information about the context names,
the tags, and the completion functions used
when completing at the current cursor position. If given a numeric
argument other than 1 (as in `ESC-2 ^Xh'), then the styles
used and the contexts for which they are used will be shown, too.
Note that, depending on the control flow in the completion functions
called, the information about the styles may be
incomplete. I.e. depending on the settings for some styles other
styles may be used, and, depending on the user's settings, only the
first sort of styles may be detected by _complete_help.
- _complete_debug (^X?)
-
This widget performs ordinary completion, but captures in a temporary file
a trace of the shell commands executed by the completion system. Each
completion attempt gets its own file. A command to view each of these
files is pushed onto the editor buffer stack.
Descriptions follow for utility functions that may be
useful when writing completion functions. Most of these reside in the
Core subdirectory except where noted. Like the example
functions for commands in the distribution, the utility functions
generating matches all follow the convention of returning zero if they
generated completions and non-zero if no matching completions could be
added.
When writing completion functions or other ZLE widgets that call
completion, it might be interesting to know about two more features
offered by the _main_complete function. The arrays
compprefuncs and comppostfuncs may be set to contain names of
functions that are to be called immediately before or after completion
has been tried. The functions will only be called once, unless they
put themselves into the array again.
- _funcall return name [ args ... ]
-
If a function name exists, it is called with the arguments
args. Unless it is the empty string or a single hyphen,
return is taken as the name of a parameter and the return status
from the called function is stored in it.
The return value of _funcall itself is zero if the function
name exists and was called and non-zero otherwise.
- _compalso names ...
-
This function looks up the definitions for the context and command
names given as arguments and calls the handler functions for them if
there is a definition (given with the compdef function). For
example, the function completing inside subscripts might use
`_compalso -math-' to include the completions generated for
mathematical environments.
- _call tag string ...
-
This function is used in places where a command is called and the user
should have the possibility to override the default for calling this
command. It looks up the command style with the supplied
tag. If the style is set, its value is used as the command to
execute.
In any case, the strings from the call to _call or from the
style are concatenated with spaces between them and the resulting
string is evaluated. The return value is the return value of the
command called.
- _normal
-
This function is used for normal command completion. If
completion is attempted on the first word, command names are
completed. Otherwise, the arguments are completed by calling the
functions defined for this command, including those functions defined
for patterns matching the command name. This function can also be
called by other completion functions if they have to complete a range
of words as a separate command. For example, the function to complete after
the pre-command specifiers such as nohup removes the first word from
the words array, decrements the CURRENT parameter, then calls this
function.
When calling a function defined for a pattern, this function also
checks if the parameter _compskip is set and uses the value in the
same way it is used after calling the completion function for the
-first- context. With this
one can write a pattern completion function that keeps other functions
from being tried simply by setting this parameter to any value.
- _description [ -12VJ ] tag name descr [ specs ... ]
-
This function tests some styles for the tag and and stores
options usable for compadd in the array with the given name
which guarantee that the matches are generated as requested by the
user. The styles tested are: format (which is first tested for the
given tag and then for the descriptions tag if that isn't
defined), hidden and group-name (the last two are tested only
for the tag given as the first argument). This function also calls the
_setup function which tests some more styles.
The format string from the style (if any) will be modified so that the
sequence `%d' is replaced by the descr given as the third
argument. If _description is called with more than three
arguments, these specs should be of the form
`char:str' and every appearance of `%char' in
the format string will be replaced by string.
The options placed in the array will also make sure that the matches
are placed in a separate group, depending on the value of the
group-name style. Normally a sorted group will be used for this
(with the `-J' option), but if a option starting with `-V',
`-J', `-1', or `-2' is given, that option will be included
in the array, so that it is possible to make the group unsorted by
giving the option `-V', `-1V', or `-2V'.
In most cases, this function will be used like this:
local expl
_description files expl file
compadd "$expl[@]" - "$files[@]"
- _message [ -r ] descr
-
The descr is used like the third
argument to the _description function. However, the resulting
string will always be shown whether or not matches were
generated. This is useful to display help texts in places where no
completions can be generated automatically.
This function also uses the format style for the messages tag in
preference to the format style for the descriptions tag. The
latter is used only if the former is unset.
If the -r option is given, no style is used and the descr is
used literally as the string to display. This is only used in cases
where that string is taken from some pre-processed argument list
containing an expanded description.
- _setup tag
-
This function expects a tag as its argument and sets up the special
parameters used by the completion system appropriately for the tag,
using styles such as list-colors and last-prompt.
Note that this function is called automatically from _description
so that one normally doesn't have to call it explicitly.
- _tags [ -C name [ tags ... ] ]
-
If called with arguments, these are taken as the names of the tags for
the types of matches the calling completion function can generate in
the current context. These tags are stored internally and sorted by
using the tag-order style. Following calls to this function
without arguments from the same function will then select the first,
second, etc. set of tags requested by the user. To test if a certain
tag should be tried, the _requested function has to be called (see
below).
The return value is zero if at least one of the tags is requested and
non-zero otherwise.
This function also accepts the -C option followed by a
name. This name is temporarily (i.e. not visible outside
_tags) stored in the argument field of the context name in the
curcontext parameter. This allows to make _tags use a more
specific context name without having to change and reset the
curcontext parameter (which would otherwise have the same effect).
- _next_label [ -12VJ ] tag name descr [ options ... ]
-
This function should be called repeatedly to generate the tag
labels. On each call it will check if another tag label is to be used
and, if there is at least one, zero is returned. If no more tag
labels are to be used, a non-zero status is returned.
The -12JV options and the first three arguments are given to the
_desciption function using the tag label instead of the first
argument is appropriate. The options given after the descr
should be other options to be used for compadd or whatever
function is to be called to add the matches. _next_label will store these
options in the parameter whose name is given as the second
argument. This is done in such a way that the description given by the
user to the tag-order style is prefered over the one given to
_next_label.
Note that this function must not be called without a previous call to
_tags or _requested because it uses the tag label
for the current tag found by these functions.
A normal use of this function for the tag labels for the tag foo
looks like this:
local expl ret=1
...
if _requested foo; then
...
while _next_label foo expl '...'; do
compadd "$expl[@]" ... && ret=0
done
...
fi
return ret
- _all_labels [ -12VJ ] tag name descr [ command args ... ]
-
This is a convenient interface to the _next_label function, implementing
the loop shown in the example above. The command is the one that
should be called to generate the matches. The options stored in the
parameter name will automatically be inserted into the args
given to the command. Normally, they are put directly after the
command, but if one of the args is a single hyphen, they are
inserted directly before that. If the hyphen is the last argument,
that will be removed from the argument list before the command is
called. This allows to use _all_labels in almost all cases where the
matches can be generated by a single call to the compadd builtin
command or by a call to one of the utility functions.
For example:
local expl
...
if _requested foo; then
...
_all_labels foo expl '...' compadd ... - $matches
fi
Will complete the strings from the matches parameter, using
compadd with additional options which will take precedence over
those generated by _all_labels.
- _requested [ -12VJ ] tag [ name descr [ command args ... ] ]
-
A function that uses _tags to register tags and then calls it to
loop over the requested sets of tags should call this function to
check if a certain tag is currently requested. This normally has to be
done in a loop such as:
_tags foo bar baz
while _tags; do
if _requested foo; then
...
fi
... # test other tags
... # exit loop if matches were generated
done
So, the first argument for _requested is used as the name of a tag
and if that tag is currently requested, the return value is zero (and
non-zero otherwise).
If the name and the descr are given, _requested calls the
_description function with these arguments, including the options.
If the command is given, the _all_labels function will be called
immediatly with the same arguments.
This is often useful to do both the testing of the tag,
getting the description for the matches and adding the matches at
once. E.g.:
local expl ret=1
_tags foo bar baz
while _tags; do
_requested foo expl 'description' \
compadd foobar foobaz && ret=0
...
(( ret )) || break
done
- _wanted [ -C name ] [ -12VJ ] tag name descr command args ...
-
In many contexts only one type of matches can be generated but even
then it should be tested if the tag representing those matches is
requested by the user. This function makes that easier.
Like _requested it gets arguments as for _description.
With the tag it calls _tags and if that returns zero
(i.e. the tag is requested by the user) it calls _description. So,
if you want to offer only one tag and immediatly want to use the
description built, you can just do:
_wanted tag expl 'description' \
compadd matches...
Unlike _requested, however, _wanted can not be called without
the command. That's because _wanted also implements the loop
over the tags, not only the one for the labels.
Like _tags this function supports the -C option to give a
different name for the argument context field.
- _alternative [ -C name ] specs ...
-
This function is useful if you offer multiple tags and building the
matches for them is easy enough. It basically implements a loop like
the one described for the _tags function above above.
The tags to use and what to do if the tags are requested are described
using the specs which are of the form:
`tag:descr:action'. The tags are offered
using _tags and if the tag is requested, the action is
executed with the given descr (description). The actions
supported are those used by the _arguments function (described
below), without the `->state' and `=...' forms.
For example, the action may be a simple function call. With that
one could do:
_alternative \
'users:user:_users' \
'hosts:host:_hosts'
to offer usernames and hostnames as possible matches (which are
generated by the _users and _hosts functions respectively).
Note that, like _arguments this will also use _all_labels to execute
the actions, so one doesn't need to call that explicitly unless
another tag is to be used, for example in a function called from
_alternative.
Like _tags this function supports the -C option to give a
different name for the argument context field.
- _describe descr name1 [ name2 ] opts ... -- ...
-
This function can be used to add options or values with descriptions
as matches. The descr is taken as a string to display above
the matches if the format style for the descriptions tag is set.
After this one or two names of arrays followed by options to give
to compadd must be given. The first array contains the possible
completions with their descriptions (with the description separated
by a colon from the completion string). If the second array is given,
it should have the same number of elements as the first one and these
elements are added as possible completions instead of the strings from
the first array. In any case, however, the completion list will show
the strings from the first array.
Any number of array/option sequences may be given separated by
`--'. This allows one to display matches together that need
to be added with different options for compadd.
Before the first argument, the option `-o' may be given. It says
that the matches added are option names. This will make _describe
use the prefix-hidden, prefix-needed and verbose styles
to find out if the strings should be added at all and if the
descriptions should be shown. Without the `-o' option, only the
verbose style is used.
_describe uses the _all_labels function to generate the matches, so
that one doesn't need to put it into a loop over the tag labels.
- _multi_parts sep array
-
This function gets two arguments: a separator character and an
array. As usual, the array may be either the
name of an array parameter or a literal array in the form
`(foo bar)' (i.e. a list of words separated by white
space in parentheses). With these arguments, this function will
complete to strings from the array where the parts separated by the
separator character are completed independently. For example, the
_tar function from the distribution caches the pathnames from the
tar file in an array and then calls this function to complete these
names in the way normal filenames are completed by the
_path_files function.
If given the -i option a single match left will be accepted
immediatly even if that means that additional parts for which no
separators were on the line are to be inserted. When completing from a
fixed set of possible completions which are really words, this is
often the expected behaviour. But if _multi_parts should behave
like completing pathnames, the -i option should not be used.
Like other utility functions, this function accepts the `-V',
`-J', `-1', `-2', `-n', `-f', `-X', `-M', `-P',
`-S', `-r', `-R', and `-q' options and passes them to
the compadd builtin.
- _sep_parts
-
This function gets as arguments alternating arrays and separators.
The arrays specify completions for parts of strings to be separated by the
separators. The arrays may be the names of array parameters or
a quoted list of words in parentheses. For example, with the array
`hosts=(ftp news)' the call `_sep_parts '(foo bar)' @ hosts' will
complete the string `f' to `foo' and the string `b@n' to
`bar@news'.
This function passes the `-V', `-J', `-1', `-2',
`-n', `-X', `-M', `-P', `-S', `-r', `-R',
and `-q' options and their arguments to the compadd builtin
used to add the matches.
- _path_files and _files
-
The function _path_files is used throughout the shell code
to complete filenames. It allows completion of partial paths. For
example, the string `/u/i/s/sig' may be completed to
`/usr/include/sys/signal.h'.
The function _files uses the file-patterns style and calls
_path_files with all the arguments it was passed except for -g
and -/. These two options are used depending on the setting of the
file-patterns style.
Options accepted by both _path_files and _files are:
- -f
-
Complete all filenames. This is the default.
- -/
-
Specifies that only directories should be completed.
- -g pattern
-
Says that only files matching the pattern should be completed.
- -W paths
-
Specifies path prefixes that are to be prepended to the string from the
line to generate the filenames but that should not be inserted in the line
or shown in a completion listing. The paths may be the name of an
array parameter, a literal list of paths enclosed in parentheses or an
absolute pathname.
- -F
-
This option from the compadd builtin gives direct control over which
filenames should be ignored. If no such option is given, the
ignored-suffixes style is used.
These functions also accept the `-J', `-V', `-1',
`-2', `-n', `-X', `-M', `-P', `-S', `-q',
`-r', and `-R' options from the compadd builtin.
Finally, the _path_files function uses the styles expand,
ambiguous and special-dirs with the paths tag.
- _parameters
-
This should be used to complete parameter names. All arguments are
passed unchanged to the compadd builtin.
- _options
-
This can be used to complete option names. It uses a matching
specification that ignores a leading `no', ignores underscores and
allows the user to type upper-case letters, making them match their
lower-case counterparts. All arguments passed to this function are
propagated unchanged to the compadd builtin.
- _set_options and _unset_options
-
These functions complete only set or unset options, with the same
matching specification used in the _options function.
Note that you need to uncomment a few lines in the _main_complete
function for these functions to work properly. The lines in question
are used to store the option settings in effect before the completion
widget locally sets the options it needs.
- _arguments specs ...
-
This function resides in the Base subdirectory of the example
completion system because it is not used by the core system.
This function can be used to complete words on the line by simply
describing the arguments the command on the line gets. The description
is given as arguments to this function, with each spec describing
one option or normal argument of the command. The descriptions
understood are:
- n:message:action
-
This describes the n'th normal argument. The message will be
printed above the matches generated and the action says what can
be completed in this position (see below). If there are two colons
before the message, this describes an optional argument.
- :message:action
-
Like the previous one, but describing the next argument. I.e. if
you want to describe all arguments a command can get, you can leave
out the numbers in the description and just use this form to describe
them one after another in the order they have to appear on the line.
- *:message:action
-
This describes how arguments are to be completed for which no
description with one of the first two forms was given. This also means
that any number of arguments can be completed.
If there are two colons before the message (as in
`*::message:action') the words special array and
the CURRENT special parameter will be restricted to only the
normal arguments when the action is executed or evaluated. With
three colons before the message they will be restricted to only
the normal arguments covered by this description.
- opt-spec[description ...]
-
This describes an option and (if at least one description is
given) the arguments that have to come after the option. If no
description is given, this will only be used to offer the option
name as a possible completion in the right places. Each
description has to be of the form
`:message:action' or
`::message:action', where the second form describes
an optional argument and the first one describes a mandatory argument.
The last description may also be of the form
`:*:message:action' or
`:*pattern:message:action'. These describe
multiple arguments. In the first form all following words on the line
are to be completed as described by the action, in the second
form all words up to a word matching the given pattern are to be
completed using the action. The `*' or the pattern may
also be separated from the message by two or three colons. With
two colons the words special array and the CURRENT special
parameter are modified to refer only to the words after the option
(with two colons) or to the words covered by this description (with
three colons) during the execution or evaluation of the
action. Note that only one such `:*'-specification is useful
and no other argument specification may be given after it.
In the simplest form the opt-spec is just the option name
beginning with a minus or a plus sign, such as `-foo'. If the
command accepts the option both with a leading minus and a plus sign,
one can use either -+foo or +-foo to define both options at
once. In this
case, the first argument for the option (if any) has to come as a
separate word directly after the option and the option may appear only
once on the line (and if it is already on the line, the option name
will not be offered as a possible completion again). If the first
argument for the option has to come directly after the option name
in the same word, a minus sign should be added to the end of the
opt-spec, as in `-foo-'. If the first argument may be given
in one string with the option name, but may also be given as a
separate argument after the option, a plus sign should be used
instead. If the argument may be given as the next string or in same
string as the option name but separated from it by an equal sign, a
`=' should be used instead of the minus or plus sign.
Note that this and the shortcut syntax with a leading -+ or +-
means that for options like -+ the second character has to be
quoted with a backslash.
If the option may be given more than once, a star
(`*') has to be added in front of the opt-spec.
Finally, the opt-spec may contain a explanation string. This is
given in brackets at the end, as in `-q[query operation]'. The
verbose style is used to decide if these
explanation strings should be printed when options are listed. If no
explanation string is given but the auto-describe style is
set and only one argument is described for this opt-spec, the
option will be described by the value of the style with any appearance
of the sequence `%d' in it replaced by the description for the
first argument.
Every spec may also contain a list of option names and argument
numbers with which the option or argument described is mutually
exclusive. Such a list is given in parentheses at the beginning, as in
`(-two -three 1)-one:...' or `(-foo):...'. In the first
example, the options `-two' and `-three' and the first
argument will not be offered as possible completions if the option
`-one' is on the line before the cursor. Also, the list may
contain a single star as one of its elements to specify that the
description for the rest arguments should not be used and it may
contain a colon to specify that the descriptions for all normal
(non-option-) arguments should not be used.
In each of the cases above, the action says how the possible
completions should be generated. In cases where only one of a fixed
set of strings can be completed, these strings can directly be given as
a list in parentheses, as in `:foo:(foo bar baz)'. Such a list in
doubled parentheses, as in `:foo:((a\:bar b\:baz))' should contain
strings consisting of the string to complete followed by a colon
(which needs to be preceded by a backslash) and a description. The
matches will be listed together with their descriptions if the
description style for the values tag is set.
An action of the form `->string' is used by functions
that implement a state machine. In this case, the `string's (with
all leading and trailing spaces and tabs removed) of all actions that
have to be used will be stored in
the global array state and the function returns with a return
value of 300 (to make it distinguishable from other return values)
after setting the global `context', `line' and `opt_args'
parameters as described below and without resetting any changes made
to the special parameters such as PREFIX and words. Note that
this means that a function calling _arguments with at least one
action containing such a `->string' has to declare
appropriate local parameters as in:
local context state line
typeset -A opt_args
This will ensure that _arguments does not create unused global
parameters.
A string in
braces will be evaluated to generate the matches and if the
action does not begin with an opening parentheses or brace, it
will be split into separate words and executed. If the action
starts with a space, this list of words will be invoked unchanged,
otherwise it will be invoked with some extra strings placed after the
first word which can be given as arguments to the compadd builtin
command and which make sure that the message given
in the description will be shown above the matches. These arguments
are taken from the array parameter expl which will be set up
before executing the action and hence may be used in it (normally
in an expansion like `$expl[@]').
If the action starts with `= ' (an equals sign followed by a
space), _arguments will insert the contents of the argument
field of the current context as the new first element in the words
special array and increments the value of the CURRENT special
parameter. In other words, it inserts a dummy element in the words
array and makes CURRENT still point to the word in that array
where the cursor is. This is only really useful when used with one of
the forms that make _arguments modify the words array to
contain only some of the words from the line, i.e. one of the argument
description forms where the message is preceded by two or three
colons. For example, when the function called in the action for such
an argument itself uses _arguments, the dummy element is needed to
make that second call to _arguments use all words from the
restricted range for argument parsing. Without the inserted dummy
element, the first word in the range would be taken (by the second
_arguments) to be the command name and hence ignored.
Except for the `->string' form, the action will be
executed by calling the _all_labels function to process all tag labels,
so one doesn't need to call that explicitly unless another tag is to
be used, for example in a function called in the action.
In places where no sensible matches can be generated, the action
should consist of only a space. This will make the message be
displayed but no possible completions listed. Note that even in this
case the colon at the end of the message is needed. The only case
where it can be left is when neither a message, nor a action
is given.
To include a colon in the option name, the message or the
action, it has to be preceded by a backslash.
During the evaluation or execution of the action the array `line'
will be set to the command name and normal arguments from the command
line, i.e. to the words from the command line excluding all options
and their arguments. These are stored in the associative array
`opt_args', using the option names as keys and their arguments as
the values. For options that have more than one argument these are
given as one string, separated by colons. All colons in the original
arguments are preceded with backslashes.
The parameter `context'
will be set to the automatically created context names. This are either
strings of the form `option-opt-n' for the n'th argument
of the option -opt, or a string of the form `argument-n'
for the n'th argument (for rest arguments the n is the
string `rest'). For example, when completing the argument of the -o
option, the name is `option-o-1' and for the second normal (non-option-)
argument it is `argument-2'.
Also, during the evaluation of the action, the context name in
the curcontext parameter will be changed by appending the same
string that is stored in the context parameter.
Normally the option names are taken as multi-character names and a
word from the line is considered to contain only one option (or
none). By giving the -s option to this function (before the first
description), options are considered to be one-character options and the
strings from the line may contain more than one such option
letter. However, strings beginning with two hyphens (like
`--prefix') are still considered to contain only one option
name. This allows the use of the `-s' option to describe
single-letter options together with such long option names.
Another option supported is `-O name'. The name will be
taken as the name of an array and its elements will be given to
functions called to generate matches when executing the
actions. For example, this allows one to give options for the
compadd builtin that should be used for all actions.
Also, the -M option followed by a string may be given before the
first description. The string will be used as the match specification
when completing option names and values instead of the default
`r:|[_-]=* r:|=*'.
Finally, the option -C can be given to make _arguments modify
the curcontext parameter when a action of the form
`->state' is used. This parameter is used to keep track of
the current context and in this case it (and not the parameter
context as explained above) has to be made local to make sure that
calling functions don't use the modified value. Also, the local
version of curcontext has to be initialised with the old value as
in:
local curcontext="$curcontext"
The function can also be made to automatically complete long options
for commands that support the `--help' option as, for example,
most of the GNU commands do. For this, the string `--' must be
given as one argument and if it is, the command from the line is
invoked with the `--help' option and its output is parsed to find
possible option names. Note that this means that you should be careful
to make sure that this feature is not used for a command that does not
support this option.
For such automatically found options that get an argument after a
`=', the function also tries
to automatically find out what should be completed as the argument.
The possible completions for option-arguments can be described with
the arguments after the `--' (which are not used as described
above). Each argument contains one description of the form
`pattern:message:action'. The message and
the action have the same format as for the normal option
descriptions described above. The action will be executed to
complete arguments of options whose description in the output of the
command from the line with the `--help' option matches the
pattern. For example:
_arguments -- '*\*:toggle:(yes no)' \
'*=FILE*:file:_files' \
'*=DIR*:directory:_files -/'
Here, `yes' and `no' will be completed as the argument of
options whose description ends in a star, file names for options that
contain the substring `=FILE' in the description, and paths for
options whose description contains `=DIR'. In fact, the last two
patterns are not needed since this function always completes files
for option descriptions containing `=FILE' and paths for option
descriptions that contain `=DIR' or `=PATH'. These builtin
patterns can be overridden by patterns given as arguments, however.
Note also that _arguments tries to find out automatically if the
argument for an option is optional. If it fails to automatically
detect this, the colon before the message can be doubled to tell
it about this as described for the normal option descriptions above.
The option `-i patterns' (which must be given after the
`--') can be used to give patterns for options which should not be
completed. The patterns can be given as the name of an array parameter
or as a literal list in parentheses. E.g. `-i
"(--(en|dis)able-FEATURE*)"' will make the options
`--enable-FEATURE' and `--disable-FEATURE' be ignored. The
option `-s pairs' (again, after the `--') can be used to
describe option aliases. Each pair consists of a pattern and a
replacement. E.g. some configure-scripts describe options only as
`--enable-foo', but also accept `--disable-foo'. To allow
completion of the second form, one would use `-s "(#--enable-
--disable-)"'.
Example:
_arguments '-l+:left border:' \
'-format:paper size:(letter A4)' \
'*-copy:output file:_files::resolution:(300 600)' \
':postscript file:_files -g *.(ps|eps)' \
'*:page number:'
This describes three options: `-l', `-format', and
`-copy'. The first one gets one argument described as `left
border' for which no completion will be offered because of the empty
action. The argument may come directly after the `-l' or it may be
given as the next word on the line. The `-format' option gets one
argument (in the next word) described as `paper size' for which
only the strings `letter' and `A4' will be completed. The
`-copy' option differs from the first two in that it may appear
more than once on the command line and in that it accepts two
arguments. The first one is mandatory and will be completed as a
filename. The second one is optional (because of the second colon
before the description `resolution') and will be completed from
the strings `300' and `600'.
The last two descriptions say what should be completed as
arguments. The first one describes the first argument as a
`postscript file' and makes files ending in `ps' or `eps'
be completed. The last description says that all other arguments are
`page numbers' but does not give possible completions.
- _argument_sets sets ...
-
This is like _arguments but allows to specify multiple sets of
options and arguments. The arguments are sets of specifications for
_arguments separated by single hyphens. The specifications before
the first hyphen are shared by all sets given after the first
hyphen. The first word in every other set gives the name of the
set. This name may appear in exclusion lists in the specifications,
either alone or before (with a `-' between the name and the rest)
one of the possible values described for _arguments above.
For example:
_argument_sets -a - set1 -c - set2 -d ':arg:(x2 y2)'
This defines two sets. When the command line contains the option
`-c', the `-d' option and the argument will not be considered
possible completions. When it contains `-d' or an argument, the
option `-c' will not be completed any more, but if `-a' is
given, both sets will still be considered valid, because it appears
before the first hyphen, so both sets contain this option.
Don't expect too much with complicated options that get their
arguments in the same string and `->state' actions or with
the -C option that is given to _arguments, otherwise most
things should work. Note that the contexts reported in the context
array and the options in the opt_args association are prefixed
with the set names and a hyphen.
- _values specs ...
-
This is used to complete values (strings) and their arguments or
lists of such values.
If the first argument is the option `-O name', this will be
used in the same way as by the _arguments function. I.e. the
elements of the name array will be given to calls to compadd
and when executing an action.
Otherwise, if the first argument (or the first argument after the
`-O name' option if that is used) is the option `-s', the
next argument is used as the character that separates multiple values.
The first argument (after the options and separator character if they
are given) is used as a string to print as a description before
listing the values.
All other arguments describe the possible values and their
arguments in the same format used for the description of options by
the _arguments function (see above). The only difference is that
there is no required minus or plus sign at the beginning and that
values can have only one argument.
Example:
_values -s , 'description' \
'*foo[bar]' \
'(two)*one[number]:first count:' \
'two[another number]::second count:(1 2 3)'
This describes three possible values: `foo', `one', and
`two'. The first one is described as `bar', gets no argument
and may appear more than once. The second one is described as
`number', may appear more than once, and gets one mandatory
argument described as `first count' for which no action is
specified so that it will not be completed automatically. The
`(two)' at the beginning says that if the value `one' is on
the line, the value `two' will not be considered to be a possible
completion anymore. Finally, the last value (`two') is described
as `another number' and gets an optional argument decribed as
`second count' which will be completed from the strings `1',
`2', and `3'. The _values function will complete lists of
these values separated by commas.
Like _arguments this function temporarily adds another context
name component to the current context name while executing the
action. Here this name is just the name of the value for which
the argument is completed.
To decide if the descriptions for the values (not those for the
arguments) should be printed, the verbose is used.
One last difference to _arguments is that this function uses the
associative array
val_args to report values and their arguments (but otherwise this
is the same as the opt_args association used by
_arguments). This also means that the function calling _values
should declare the state, line, context and val_args
parameters as in:
local context state line
typeset -A val_args
when using an action of the form `->string'. With this
function the context parameter will be set to the name of the
value whose argument is to be completed.
Like _arguments, _values also supports the -C option in
which case you have to make the parameter curcontext local instead
of context (as described above).
- _regex_arguments name specs ...
-
This function is a compiler to generate a completion function. The
first argument specifies the name of a generated function while the
remaining arguments specify a completion as a set of regular
expressions with actions. The generated function has the structure of a
finite-state machine whose state corresponds to the state (i.e. the
context) of the completion. This state machine uses a command line,
which comes from concatentating the words array up to the current
cursor position using null characters as a separator with no extra
quotation. This is analysed and at the end the appropriate action is
executed.
Specification arguments take one of following forms, in which
metacharacters such as `(', `)', `#' and `|'
should be quoted.
- /pattern/ [%lookahead%] [-guard] [:action]
-
This is a primitive element, corresponding to one
state of the compiled state machine. The state is entered if the pattern
`(#b)((#B)pattern)(#B)lookahead*' matches
the command line string. If it is matched, `guard' is evaluated and
its return status is examined; if this is successful, the state is entered,
else the test fails and other candidates are tried. The pattern
string `[]' is guaranteed never to match.
If the test succeeds and the state is entered, the left part of the
command line string matched as `pattern' is removed and the
next state is tried, proceeding from inside to outside and from left to
right.
If no test succeeds and the remaining command line string contains no null
character, the completion target is restricted to the remainder of the
command line string and `action's for the target are evaluated.
In this case, nothing is actually removed from the command line string
so that any previous or neighbouring state may also have `actions's.
- /pattern/+ [%lookahead%] [-guard] [:action]
-
This is similar to `/pattern/ ...' but the left part of
command line string is also considered as part of the completion target.
- /pattern/- [%lookahead%] [-guard] [:action]
-
This is similar to `/pattern/ ...' but `action's of the
current and previous states are ignored even if the following state's
`pattern' matches the empty string.
- ( spec )
-
This groups `spec'.
- spec #
-
This allows any number of repetitions of `spec'.
- spec spec
-
This represents the concatenation of two `spec's.
- spec | spec
-
Either of two `spec's can be matched.
- _combination [ -s pattern ] tag style specs ... field opts ...
-
This function is used to complete combinations of values such as pairs
of hostnames and usernames. The possible values will be taken from the
style whose name is given as the second argument. The first argument
is the tag to use to do the lookup.
The style name should consist of multiple parts separated by
hyphens which are then used as fieldnames. Known values for such
fields can be given after the second argument in arguments of the form
`field=pattern'. The first argument without a equal sign
is taken as the name of the field for which completions should be
generated.
The matches generated will be taken from the value of the style. These
values should contain the possible values for the combinations where
the values for the different fields are separated by colons or
characters matching the pattern given after the -s option to
_combination (normally this is used to define character classes
like the `-s "[:@]"' used for the users-hosts style).
Only the values for the requested fields for which the patterns given
in the `field=pattern' match the respective fields in
the strings from the style value are generated as possible matches.
If no style with the given name is defined for the given tag but a
function named with the name of the requested field preceded by an
underscore is defined, that function will be called to generate the
matches. This is also done if none of the strings in the value of the
style match all the patterns given as arguments.
If the same name is used for more than one field, in both the
`field=pattern' and the argument that gives the field
name to complete for, the number of the field (starting with one) may
be given after the fieldname, separated from it by a colon.
All arguments after the requested fieldname are given to the
compadd used (when generating matches from the style value) and to
the functions for the fields if they are called.
- _sort_tags tag ...
-
As described above for the tag-order style, this is only provided
to show how functions that sort tags can be implemented.
Inside such functions the name of the current context can
be accessed using the curcontext parameter. For example, the
function generating file names (called _files) in the completion
system is often called to generate only filenames matching a given
glob pattern, in which case it uses the tags globbed-files,
directories, and all-files. This means that the function
offers to generate filenames matching the pattern, names of
directories or all filenames as possible matches. Example:
_sort_tags() {
case $curcontext in
(*::dvips:*)
comptry globbed-files directories
comptry all-files
;;
(*)
comptry globbed-files
comptry directories
comptry all-files
;;
esac
}
Every call to the comptry function (actually a builtin
command defined by the zsh/computil module) gives a
set of tags to use; as soon as one of the completion system produces
some matches for one set,
subsequent sets have no effect. Hence in the example
this means that for the dvips command on the first attempt the
names of DVI files and directories will be generated (first call to
comptry). If none of those names match the string from the command
line the completion function will generate all filenames as
possible matches (second call to comptry).
For all other context names the second case-pattern matches, so that
normally the completion functions will only try the filenames matching
the glob pattern (if any glob pattern is used). If that doesn't yield
any matches, names of directories are generated, and if that doesn't
yield any matching names either, all filenames will be generated.
In every context the function may call comptry as
often as it wants. Also, every string may be given as argument, even
if no tag with such a name was offered by the completion
function. This allows one to give a preferred ordering for some common
tag sets without having to worry about sensible patterns for context
names. For example, many completion functions can generate both
arguments and option names for commands. These functions normally use
the tags arguments and options. Depending on your preference
you may write in your sorting function:
_sort_tags() {
comptry arguments options
case $curcontext in
...
esac
}
or
_sort_tags() {
comptry arguments
comptry options
case $curcontext in
...
esac
}
The former always adds both the matches for the argument and the
option names as possible matches. The latter forces matches for the
arguments to be preferred. In this case option names are only generated
as matches if the string on the line matches no possible completion
for the argument, which normally means that you have to type the
hyphen the option names start with yourself to see the list of option
names that can be completed.
Since the completion functions are free to choose the tag names they
use, there can't be a complete list. So to make sure that all types of
matches are eventually tried as completions, one should use a call to
comptry with all arguments at the end of the sorting function. For
those contexts where one really wants to make sure that certain tags are
never used one can then use a call to return to circumvent that
last comptry. For example:
_sort_tags() {
...
case $curcontext in
(*::kill:*)
comptry processes
return
;;
esac
comptry "$@"
}
The completion function for the kill builtin command offers the
tags jobs and processes which represent job references
(e.g. `%1') and process identifiers respectively. The function
above makes sure that for this builtin command only process
identifiers are generated as possible matches by using only the
processes tag in a call to comptry. The immediate call to
return then makes sure that the default comptry at the end is
not executed.
With the -s option, each tag given to comptry will be put in a
separate set. With the -m option, the arguments are treated in the
same way as the the values for the tag-order style (except for the
`!...', `-' and `foo()' forms).
In the source distribution, the files are contained in various
subdirectories of the Completion directory. They may have been
installed in the same structure, or into one single function directory.
The following is a description of the files found in the original directory
structure. If you wish to alter an installed file, you will need to copy
it to some directory which appears earlier in your fpath than the
standard directory where it appears.
- Core
-
The core scripts and functions. You will certainly need these, though will
probably not need to alter them. Many of these are documented above.
- Base
-
Other functions you will almost certainly want if you are going to use
any of the standard completion functions. You may want to edit some of
these files.
- Builtins
-
Functions for completing arguments of shell builtin commands and
utility functions for this (which are also used by functions from the
User directory).
- User
-
Functions for completing arguments of external commands and suites of
commands. They may need modifying for your system.
- Commands
-
Functions which implement special types of completion to be bound to
keystrokes rather than called by context.
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