PDL::Image2D - Miscellaneous 2D image processing functions
Miscellaneous 2D image processing functions - for want of anywhere else to put them.
use PDL::Image2D;
Signature: (a(m,n); kern(p,q); [o]b(m,n); int opt)
2D convolution of an array with a kernel (smoothing)
For large kernels, using a FFT routine,
such as fftconvolve() in PDL::FFT
,
will be quicker.
$new = conv2d $old, $kernel, {OPTIONS}
$smoothed = conv2d $image, ones(3,3), {Boundary => Reflect}
Boundary - controls what values are assumed for the image when kernel crosses its edge: => Default - periodic boundary conditions (i.e. wrap around axis) => Reflect - reflect at boundary => Truncate - truncate at boundary
Unlike the FFT routines, conv2d is able to process bad values.
Signature: (a(m,n); kern(p,q); [o]b(m,n); int opt)
2D median-convolution of an array with a kernel (smoothing)
Note: only points in the kernel >0 are included in the median, other points are weighted by the kernel value (medianing lots of zeroes is rather pointless)
$new = med2d $old, $kernel, {OPTIONS}
$smoothed = med2d $image, ones(3,3), {Boundary => Reflect}
Boundary - controls what values are assumed for the image when kernel crosses its edge: => Default - periodic boundary conditions (i.e. wrap around axis) => Reflect - reflect at boundary => Truncate - truncate at boundary
Bad values are ignored in the calculation. If all elements within the kernel are bad, the output is set bad.
Signature: (a(m,n); [o]b(m,n); int __p_size; int __q_size; int opt)
2D median-convolution of an array in a pxq window (smoothing)
Note: this routine does the median over all points in a rectangular
window and is not quite as flexible as med2d
in this regard
but slightly faster instead
$new = med2df $old, $xwidth, $ywidth, {OPTIONS}
$smoothed = med2df $image, 3, 3, {Boundary => Reflect}
Boundary - controls what values are assumed for the image when kernel crosses its edge: => Default - periodic boundary conditions (i.e. wrap around axis) => Reflect - reflect at boundary => Truncate - truncate at boundary
med2df does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output piddles if the flag is set for any of the input piddles.
Signature: (a(n,m); [o] b(n,m); int wx; int wy; int edgezero)
fast 2D boxcar average
$smoothim = $im->box2d($wx,$wy,$edgezero=1);
The edgezero argument controls if edge is set to zero (edgezero=1) or just keeps the original (unfiltered) values.
box2d
should be updated to support similar edge options
as conv2d
and med2d
etc.
Boxcar averaging is a pretty crude way of filtering. For serious stuff better filters are around (e.g., use conv2d with the appropriate kernel). On the other hand it is fast and computational cost grows only approximately linearly with window size.
box2d does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output piddles if the flag is set for any of the input piddles.
Signature: (a(m,n); int bad(m,n); [o]b(m,n))
patch bad pixels out of 2D images using a mask
$patched = patch2d $data, $bad;
$bad
is a 2D mask array where 1=bad pixel 0=good pixel.
Pixels are replaced by the average of their non-bad neighbours;
if all neighbours are bad, the original data value is
copied across.
This routine does not handle bad values - use patchbad2d instead
Signature: (a(m,n); [o]b(m,n))
patch bad pixels out of 2D images containing bad values
$patched = patchbad2d $data;
Pixels are replaced by the average of their non-bad neighbours; if all neighbours are bad, the output is set bad. If the input piddle contains no bad values, then a straight copy is performed (see patch2d).
patchbad2d handles bad values. The output piddle may contain bad values, depending on the pattern of bad values in the input piddle.
Signature: (a(m,n); [o]val(); int [o]x(); int[o]y())
Return value/position of maximum value in 2D image
Contributed by Tim Jeness
Bad values are excluded from the search. If all pixels are bad then the output is set bad.
Signature: (im(m,n); x(); y(); box(); [o]xcen(); [o]ycen())
Refine a list of object positions in 2D image by centroiding in a box
$box
is the full-width of the box, i.e. the window
is +/- $box/2
.
Bad pixels are excluded from the centroid calculation. If all elements are bad (or the pixel sum is 0 - but why would you be centroiding something with negatives in...) then the output values are set bad.
Connected 8-component labeling of a binary image.
Connected 8-component labeling of 0,1 image - i.e. find separate segmented objects and fill object pixels with object number. 8-component labeling includes all neighboring pixels. This is just a front-end to ccNcompt. See also the cc4compt manpage.
$segmented = cc8compt( $image > $threshold );
Connected 4-component labeling of a binary image.
Connected 4-component labeling of 0,1 image - i.e. find separate segmented objects and fill object pixels with object number. 4-component labling does not include the diagonal neighbors. This is just a front-end to ccNcompt. See also the cc8compt manpage.
$segmented = cc4compt( $image > $threshold );
Signature: (a(m,n); [o]b(m,n); int con)
Connected component labeling of a binary image.
Connected component labeling of 0,1 image - i.e. find separate segmented objects and fill object pixels with object number. See also the cc4compt manpage and the cc8compt manpage.
The connectivity parameter must be 4 or 8.
$segmented = ccNcompt( $image > $threshold, 4);
$segmented2 = ccNcompt( $image > $threshold, 8);
where the second parameter specifies the connectivity (4 or 8) of the labeling.
ccNcompt ignores the bad-value flag of the input piddles. It will set the bad-value flag of all output piddles if the flag is set for any of the input piddles.
'points in a polygon' selection from a 2-D piddle
$mask = pnpoly($x, $y, $px, $py);
For a closed polygon determined by the sequence of points in {$py,$py} the output of pnpoly is a mask corresponding to whether or not each coordinate (x,y) in the set of test points, {$x,$y}, is in the interior of the polygon. This is the 'points in a polygon' algorithm from http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/Homepages/wrf/Research/Short_Notes/pnpoly.html and vectorized for PDL by Karl Glazebrook.
# define a 3-sided polygon (a triangle) $px = pdl( 3, 20, 34 ); $py = pdl( 3, 20, 3 ); $img = zeros(40, 40); # create test image $x = $img->xvals; # get x pixel coords $y = $img->yvals; # get y pixel coords # $tri is 0 everywhere except for points in polygon interior $tri = pnpoly($x,$y,$px,$py);
Signature: (int [o,nc] im(m,n); float ps(two=2,np); int col())
fill the area inside the given polygon with a given colour
This function works inplace, i.e. modifies im
.
polyfill ignores the bad-value flag of the input piddles. It will set the bad-value flag of all output piddles if the flag is set for any of the input piddles.
return the (dataflown) area of an image within a polygon
# increment intensity in area bounded by $poly $im->polyfillv($pol)++; # legal in perl >= 5.6 # compute average intensity within area bounded by $poly $av = $im->polyfillv($poly)->avg;
Signature: (im(m,n); float angle(); bg(); int aa(); [o] om(p,q))
rotate an image by given angle
# rotate by 10.5 degrees with antialiasing, set missing values to 7 $rot = $im->rot2d(10.5,7,1);
This function rotates an image through an angle
between -90 and + 90
degrees. Uses/doesn't use antialiasing depending on the aa
flag.
Pixels outside the rotated image are set to bg
.
Code modified from pnmrotate (Copyright Jef Poskanzer) with an algorithm based on "A Fast Algorithm for General Raster Rotation" by Alan Paeth, Graphics Interface '86, pp. 77-81.
Use the rotnewsz
function to find out about the dimension of the
newly created image
($newcols,$newrows) = rotnewsz $oldn, $oldm, $angle;
PDL::Transform offers a more general interface to distortions, including rotation, with various types of sampling; but rot2d is faster.
rot2d ignores the bad-value flag of the input piddles. It will set the bad-value flag of all output piddles if the flag is set for any of the input piddles.
Signature: (I(n,m); O(q,p))
Bilinearly maps the first piddle in the second. The interpolated values are actually added to the second piddle which is supposed to be larger than the first one.
bilin2d ignores the bad-value flag of the input piddles. It will set the bad-value flag of all output piddles if the flag is set for any of the input piddles.
Signature: (I(m,n); O(p,q))
The first piddle is rescaled to the dimensions of the second (expanding or meaning values as needed) and then added to it in place. Nothing useful is returned.
If you want photometric accuracy or automatic FITS header metadata tracking, consider using PDL::Transform::map instead: it does these things, at some speed penalty compared to rescale2d.
rescale2d ignores the bad-value flag of the input piddles. It will set the bad-value flag of all output piddles if the flag is set for any of the input piddles.
Find the best-fit 2D polynomial to describe a coordinate transformation.
( $px, $py ) = fitwarp2d( $x, $y, $u, $v, $nf. { options } )
Given a set of points in the output plane ($u,$v
), find
the best-fit (using singular-value decomposition) 2D polynomial
to describe the mapping back to the image plane ($x,$y
).
The order of the fit is controlled by the $nf
parameter
(the maximum power of the polynomial is $nf - 1
), and you
can restrict the terms to fit using the FIT
option.
$px
and $py
are np
by np
element piddles which describe
a polynomial mapping (of order np-1
)
from the output (u,v)
image to the input (x,y)
image:
x = sum(j=0,np-1) sum(i=0,np-1) px(i,j) * u^i * v^j y = sum(j=0,np-1) sum(i=0,np-1) py(i,j) * u^i * v^j
The transformation is returned for the reverse direction (ie
output to input image) since that is what is required by the
warp2d() routine. The applywarp2d()
routine can be used to convert a set of $u,$v
points given
$px
and $py
.
Options:
FIT - which terms to fit? default ones(byte,$nf,$nf) THRESH - in svd, remove terms smaller than THRESH * max value default is 1.0e-5
FIT
allows you to restrict which terms of the polynomial to fit:
only those terms for which the FIT piddle evaluates to true will be
evaluated. If a 2D piddle is sent in, then it is
used for the x and y polynomials; otherwise
$fit->slice(":,:,(0)")
will be used for $px
and
$fit->slice(":,:,(1)")
will be used for $py
.
Remove all singular values whose valus is less than THRESH
times the largest singular value.
The number of points must be at least equal to the number of
terms to fit ($nf*$nf
points for the default value of FIT
).
# points in original image $x = pdl( 0, 0, 100, 100 ); $y = pdl( 0, 100, 100, 0 ); # get warped to these positions $u = pdl( 10, 10, 90, 90 ); $v = pdl( 10, 90, 90, 10 ); # # shift of origin + scale x/y axis only $fit = byte( [ [1,1], [0,0] ], [ [1,0], [1,0] ] ); ( $px, $py ) = fitwarp2d( $x, $y, $u, $v, 2, { FIT => $fit } ); print "px = ${px}py = $py"; px = [ [-12.5 1.25] [ 0 0] ] py = [ [-12.5 0] [ 1.25 0] ] # # Compared to allowing all 4 terms ( $px, $py ) = fitwarp2d( $x, $y, $u, $v, 2 ); print "px = ${px}py = $py"; px = [ [ -12.5 1.25] [ 1.110223e-16 -1.1275703e-17] ] py = [ [ -12.5 1.6653345e-16] [ 1.25 -5.8546917e-18] ]
Transform a set of points using a 2-D polynomial mapping
( $x, $y ) = applywarp2d( $px, $py, $u, $v )
Convert a set of points (stored in 1D piddles $u,$v
)
to $x,$y
using the 2-D polynomial with coefficients stored in $px
and $py
. See fitwarp2d()
for more information on the format of $px
and $py
.
Signature: (img(m,n); double px(np,np); double py(np,np); [o] warp(m,n); { options })
Warp a 2D image given a polynomial describing the reverse mapping.
$out = warp2d( $img, $px, $py, { options } );
Apply the polynomial transformation encoded in the $px
and
$py
piddles to warp the input image $img
into the output
image $out
.
The format for the polynomial transformation is described in the documentation for the fitwarp2d() routine.
At each point x,y
, the closest 16 pixel values are combined
with an interpolation kernel to calculate the value at u,v
.
The interpolation is therefore done in the image, rather than
Fourier, domain.
By default, a tanh
kernel is used, but this can be changed
using the KERNEL
option discussed below
(the choice of kernel depends on the frequency content of the input image).
The routine is based on the warping
command from
the Eclipse data-reduction package - see http://www.eso.org/eclipse/ - and
for further details on image resampling see
Wolberg, G., "Digital Image Warping", 1990, IEEE Computer
Society Press ISBN 0-8186-8944-7).
Currently the output image is the same size as the input one, which means data will be lost if the transformation reduces the pixel scale. This will (hopefully) be changed soon.
$img = rvals(byte,501,501); imag $img, { JUSTIFY => 1 }; # # use a not-particularly-obvious transformation: # x = -10 + 0.5 * $u - 0.1 * $v # y = -20 + $v - 0.002 * $u * $v # $px = pdl( [ -10, 0.5 ], [ -0.1, 0 ] ); $py = pdl( [ -20, 0 ], [ 1, 0.002 ] ); $wrp = warp2d( $img, $px, $py ); # # see the warped image imag $warp, { JUSTIFY => 1 };
The options are:
KERNEL - default value is tanh NOVAL - default value is 0
KERNEL
is used to specify which interpolation kernel to use
(to see what these kernels look like, use the
warp2d_kernel() routine).
The options are:
Hyperbolic tangent: the approximation of an ideal box filter by the product of symmetric tanh functions.
For a correctly sampled signal, the ideal filter in the fourier domain is a rectangle,
which produces a sinc
interpolation kernel in the spatial domain:
sinc(x) = sin(pi * x) / (pi * x)
However, it is not ideal for the 4x4
pixel region used here.
This is the square of the sinc function.
Although defined differently to the tanh
kernel, the result is very
similar in the spatial domain. The Lanczos function is defined as
L(x) = sinc(x) * sinc(x/2) if abs(x) < 2 = 0 otherwise
This kernel is derived from the following function:
H(x) = a + (1-a) * cos(2*pi*x/(N-1)) if abs(x) < 0.5*(N-1) = 0 otherwise
with a = 0.5
and N currently equal to 2001.
This kernel uses the same H(x)
as the Hann filter, but with
a = 0.54
.
NOVAL
gives the value used to indicate that a pixel in the
output image does not map onto one in the input image.
Return the specified kernel, as used by warp2d
( $x, $k ) = warp2d_kernel( $name )
The valid values for $name
are the same as the KERNEL
option
of warp2d().
line warp2d_kernel( "hamming" );
Copyright (C) Karl Glazebrook 1997 with additions by Robin Williams (rjrw@ast.leeds.ac.uk), Tim Jeness (timj@jach.hawaii.edu), and Doug Burke (burke@ifa.hawaii.edu)
All rights reserved. There is no warranty. You are allowed to redistribute this software / documentation under certain conditions. For details, see the file COPYING in the PDL distribution. If this file is separated from the PDL distribution, the copyright notice should be included in the file.