encoding: utf-8
Locale Fallbacks
Extends the I18n module to hold a fallbacks instance which is set to an instance of I18n::Locale::Fallbacks by default but can be swapped with a different implementation.
Locale fallbacks will compute a number of fallback locales for a given locale. For example:
I18n.fallbacks[:"es-MX"] # => [:"es-MX", :es, :en]
Locale fallbacks always fall back to
* all parent locales of a given locale (e.g. :es for :"es-MX") first, * the current default locales and all of their parents second
The default locales are set to [I18n.default_locale] by default but can be set to something else.
One can additionally add any number of additional fallback locales manually. These will be added before the default locales to the fallback chain. For example:
# using the default locale as default fallback locale I18n.default_locale = :"en-US" I18n.fallbacks = I18n::Fallbacks.new(:"de-AT" => :"de-DE") I18n.fallbacks[:"de-AT"] # => [:"de-AT", :"de-DE", :de, :"en-US", :en] # using a custom locale as default fallback locale I18n.fallbacks = I18n::Fallbacks.new(:"en-GB", :"de-AT" => :de, :"de-CH" => :de) I18n.fallbacks[:"de-AT"] # => [:"de-AT", :de, :"en-GB", :en] I18n.fallbacks[:"de-CH"] # => [:"de-CH", :de, :"en-GB", :en] # mapping fallbacks to an existing instance # people speaking Catalan also speak Spanish as spoken in Spain fallbacks = I18n.fallbacks fallbacks.map(:ca => :"es-ES") fallbacks[:ca] # => [:ca, :"es-ES", :es, :"en-US", :en] # people speaking Arabian as spoken in Palestine also speak Hebrew as spoken in Israel fallbacks.map(:"ar-PS" => :"he-IL") fallbacks[:"ar-PS"] # => [:"ar-PS", :ar, :"he-IL", :he, :"en-US", :en] fallbacks[:"ar-EG"] # => [:"ar-EG", :ar, :"en-US", :en] # people speaking Sami as spoken in Finnland also speak Swedish and Finnish as spoken in Finnland fallbacks.map(:sms => [:"se-FI", :"fi-FI"]) fallbacks[:sms] # => [:sms, :"se-FI", :se, :"fi-FI", :fi, :"en-US", :en]
RFC 4646/47 compliant Locale tag implementation that parses locale tags to subtags such as language, script, region, variant etc.
For more information see by en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF_language_tag
Rfc4646::Parser does not implement grandfathered tags.
encoding: utf-8
Simple Locale tag implementation that computes subtags by simply splitting the locale tag at ’-’ occurences.
EXPERIMENTAL
The Cascade module adds the ability to do cascading lookups to backends that are compatible to the Simple backend.
By cascading lookups we mean that for any key that can not be found the Cascade module strips one segment off the scope part of the key and then tries to look up the key in that scope.
E.g. when a lookup for the key :“foo.bar.baz“ does not yield a result then the segment :bar will be stripped off the scope part :“foo.bar“ and the new scope :foo will be used to look up the key :baz. If that does not succeed then the remaining scope segment :foo will be omitted, too, and again the key :baz will be looked up (now with no scope).
To enable a cascading lookup one passes the :cascade option:
I18n.t(:'foo.bar.baz', :cascade => true)
This will return the first translation found for :“foo.bar.baz“, :“foo.baz“ or :baz in this order.
The cascading lookup takes precedence over resolving any given defaults. I.e. defaults will kick in after the cascading lookups haven’t succeeded.
This behavior is useful for libraries like ActiveRecord validations where the library wants to give users a bunch of more or less fine-grained options of scopes for a particular key.
Thanks to Clemens Kofler for the initial idea and implementation! See github.com/clemens/i18n-cascading-backend
I18n translation metadata is useful when you want to access information about how a translation was looked up, pluralized or interpolated in your application.
msg = I18n.t(:message, :default => 'Hi!', :scope => :foo) msg.translation_metadata # => { :key => :message, :scope => :foo, :default => 'Hi!' }
If a :count option was passed to # it will be set to the metadata. Likewise, if any interpolation variables were passed they will also be set.
To enable translation metadata you can simply include the Metadata module into the Simple backend class - or whatever other backend you are using:
I18n::Backend::Simple.send(:include, I18n::Backend::Metadata)
encoding: utf-8
This extension stores translation stub records for missing translations to the database.
This is useful if you have a web based translation tool. It will populate the database with untranslated keys as the application is being used. A translator can then go through these and add missing translations.
Example usage:
I18n::Backend::Chain.send(:include, I18n::Backend::ActiveRecord::Missing) I18n.backend = I18nChainBackend.new(I18n::Backend::ActiveRecord.new, I18n::Backend::Simple.new)
Stub records for pluralizations will also be created for each key defined in i18n.plural.keys.
For example:
# en.yml en: i18n: plural: keys: [:zero, :one, :other] # pl.yml pl: i18n: plural: keys: [:zero, :one, :few, :other]
It will also persist interpolation keys in Translation#interpolations so translators will be able to review and use them.
I18n locale fallbacks are useful when you want your application to use translations from other locales when translations for the current locale are missing. E.g. you might want to use :en translations when translations in your applications main locale :de are missing.
To enable locale fallbacks you can simply include the Fallbacks module to the Simple backend - or whatever other backend you are using:
I18n::Backend::Simple.send(:include, I18n::Backend::Fallbacks)
encoding: utf-8
encoding: utf-8
encoding: utf-8
Memoize module simply memoizes the values returned by lookup using a flat hash and can tremendously speed up the lookup process in a backend.
To enable it you can simply include the Memoize module to your backend:
I18n::Backend::Simple.send(:include, I18n::Backend::Memoize)
Notice that it’s the responsibility of the backend to define whenever the cache should be cleaned.
Experimental support for using Gettext po files to store translations.
To use this you can simply include the module to the Simple backend - or whatever other backend you are using.
I18n::Backend::Simple.send(:include, I18n::Backend::Gettext)
Now you should be able to include your Gettext translation (*.po) files to the I18n.load_path so they’re loaded to the backend and you can use them as usual:
I18n.load_path += Dir["path/to/locales/*.po"]
Following the Gettext convention this implementation expects that your translation files are named by their locales. E.g. the file en.po would contain the translations for the English locale.
I18n locale fallbacks are useful when you want your application to use translations from other locales when translations for the current locale are missing. E.g. you might want to use :en translations when translations in your applications main locale :de are missing.
To enable locale specific pluralizations you can simply include the Pluralization module to the Simple backend - or whatever other backend you are using.
I18n::Backend::Simple.send(:include, I18n::Backend::Pluralization)
You also need to make sure to provide pluralization algorithms to the backend, i.e. include them to your I18n.load_path accordingly.
This module allows you to easily cache all responses from the backend - thus speeding up the I18n aspects of your application quite a bit.
To enable caching you can simply include the Cache module to the Simple backend - or whatever other backend you are using:
I18n::Backend::Simple.send(:include, I18n::Backend::Cache)
You will also need to set a cache store implementation that you want to use:
I18n.cache_store = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:memory_store)
You can use any cache implementation you want that provides the same API as ActiveSupport::Cache (only the methods # and # are being used).
The cache_key implementation assumes that you only pass values to I18n.translate that return a valid key from # (see www.ruby-doc.org/core/classes/Object.html#M000337).
The InterpolationCompiler module contains optimizations that can tremendously speed up the interpolation process on the Simple backend.
It works by defining a pre-compiled method on stored translation Strings that already bring all the knowledge about contained interpolation variables etc. so that the actual recurring interpolation will be very fast.
To enable pre-compiled interpolations you can simply include the InterpolationCompiler module to the Simple backend:
I18n::Backend::Simple.send(:include, I18n::Backend::InterpolationCompiler)
Note that InterpolationCompiler does not yield meaningful results and consequently should not be used with Ruby 1.9 (YARV) but improves performance everywhere else (jRuby, Rubinius and 1.8.7).
encoding: utf-8
# File lib/i18n/backend/cache.rb, line 34 34: def cache_namespace 35: @@cache_namespace 36: end
# File lib/i18n/backend/cache.rb, line 38 38: def cache_namespace=(namespace) 39: @@cache_namespace = namespace 40: end
# File lib/i18n/backend/cache.rb, line 26 26: def cache_store 27: @@cache_store 28: end
# File lib/i18n/backend/cache.rb, line 30 30: def cache_store=(store) 31: @@cache_store = store 32: end
Gets I18n configuration object.
# File lib/i18n.rb, line 21 21: def config 22: Thread.current[:i18n_config] ||= I18n::Config.new 23: end
Sets I18n configuration object.
# File lib/i18n.rb, line 26 26: def config=(value) 27: Thread.current[:i18n_config] = value 28: end
Returns the current fallbacks implementation. Defaults to +I18n::Locale::Fallbacks+.
# File lib/i18n/backend/fallbacks.rb, line 17 17: def fallbacks 18: @@fallbacks ||= I18n::Locale::Fallbacks.new 19: end
Sets the current fallbacks implementation. Use this to set a different fallbacks implementation.
# File lib/i18n/backend/fallbacks.rb, line 22 22: def fallbacks=(fallbacks) 23: @@fallbacks = fallbacks 24: end
Localizes certain objects, such as dates and numbers to local formatting.
# File lib/i18n.rb, line 228 228: def localize(object, options = {}) 229: locale = options.delete(:locale) || config.locale 230: format = options.delete(:format) || :default 231: config.backend.localize(locale, object, format, options) 232: end
Merges the given locale, key and scope into a single array of keys. Splits keys that contain dots into multiple keys. Makes sure all keys are Symbols.
# File lib/i18n.rb, line 250 250: def normalize_keys(locale, key, scope, separator = nil) 251: separator ||= I18n.default_separator 252: 253: keys = [] 254: keys.concat normalize_key(locale, separator) 255: keys.concat normalize_key(scope, separator) 256: keys.concat normalize_key(key, separator) 257: keys 258: end
# File lib/i18n/backend/cache.rb, line 42 42: def perform_caching? 43: !cache_store.nil? 44: end
Tells the backend to reload translations. Used in situations like the Rails development environment. Backends can implement whatever strategy is useful.
# File lib/i18n.rb, line 47 47: def reload! 48: config.backend.reload! 49: end
Translates, pluralizes and interpolates a given key using a given locale, scope, and default, as well as interpolation values.
LOOKUP
Translation data is organized as a nested hash using the upper-level keys as namespaces. E.g., ActionView ships with the translation: :date => {:formats => {:short => "%b %d"}}.
Translations can be looked up at any level of this hash using the key argument and the scope option. E.g., in this example I18n.t :date returns the whole translations hash {:formats => {:short => "%b %d"}}.
Key can be either a single key or a dot-separated key (both Strings and Symbols work). E.g., the short format can be looked up using both:
I18n.t 'date.formats.short' I18n.t :'date.formats.short'
Scope can be either a single key, a dot-separated key or an array of keys or dot-separated keys. Keys and scopes can be combined freely. So these examples will all look up the same short date format:
I18n.t 'date.formats.short' I18n.t 'formats.short', :scope => 'date' I18n.t 'short', :scope => 'date.formats' I18n.t 'short', :scope => %w(date formats)
INTERPOLATION
Translations can contain interpolation variables which will be replaced by values passed to # as part of the options hash, with the keys matching the interpolation variable names.
E.g., with a translation :foo => "foo %{bar}" the option value for the key bar will be interpolated into the translation:
I18n.t :foo, :bar => 'baz' # => 'foo baz'
PLURALIZATION
Translation data can contain pluralized translations. Pluralized translations are arrays of singluar/plural versions of translations like ['Foo', 'Foos'].
Note that I18n::Backend::Simple only supports an algorithm for English pluralization rules. Other algorithms can be supported by custom backends.
This returns the singular version of a pluralized translation:
I18n.t :foo, :count => 1 # => 'Foo'
These both return the plural version of a pluralized translation:
I18n.t :foo, :count => 0 # => 'Foos' I18n.t :foo, :count => 2 # => 'Foos'
The :count option can be used both for pluralization and interpolation. E.g., with the translation :foo => ['%{count} foo', '%{count} foos'], count will be interpolated to the pluralized translation:
I18n.t :foo, :count => 1 # => '1 foo'
DEFAULTS
This returns the translation for :foo or default if no translation was found:
I18n.t :foo, :default => 'default'
This returns the translation for :foo or the translation for :bar if no translation for :foo was found:
I18n.t :foo, :default => :bar
Returns the translation for :foo or the translation for :bar or default if no translations for :foo and :bar were found.
I18n.t :foo, :default => [:bar, 'default']
*BULK LOOKUP*
This returns an array with the translations for :foo and :bar.
I18n.t [:foo, :bar]
Can be used with dot-separated nested keys:
I18n.t [:'baz.foo', :'baz.bar']
Which is the same as using a scope option:
I18n.t [:foo, :bar], :scope => :baz
LAMBDAS
Both translations and defaults can be given as Ruby lambdas. Lambdas will be called and passed the key and options.
E.g. assuming the key :salutation resolves to:
lambda { |key, options| options[:gender] == 'm' ? "Mr. %{options[:name]}" : "Mrs. %{options[:name]}" }
Then I18n.t(:salutation, :gender => ‘w’, :name => ‘Smith’) will result in “Mrs. Smith”.
It is recommended to use/implement lambdas in an “idempotent” way. E.g. when a cache layer is put in front of I18n.translate it will generate a cache key from the argument values passed to #. Therefor your lambdas should always return the same translations/values per unique combination of argument values.
# File lib/i18n.rb, line 147 147: def translate(*args) 148: options = args.pop if args.last.is_a?(Hash) 149: key = args.shift 150: locale = options && options.delete(:locale) || config.locale 151: raises = options && options.delete(:raise) 152: config.backend.translate(locale, key, options || {}) 153: rescue I18n::ArgumentError => exception 154: raise exception if raises 155: handle_exception(exception, locale, key, options) 156: end
# File lib/i18n.rb, line 159 159: def translate!(key, options = {}) 160: translate(key, options.merge( :raise => true )) 161: end
Transliterates UTF-8 characters to ASCII. By default this method will transliterate only Latin strings to an ASCII approximation:
I18n.transliterate("Ærøskøbing") # => "AEroskobing" I18n.transliterate("日本語") # => "???"
It’s also possible to add support for per-locale transliterations. I18n expects transliteration rules to be stored at i18n.transliterate.rule.
Transliteration rules can either be a Hash or a Proc. Procs must accept a single string argument. Hash rules inherit the default transliteration rules, while Procs do not.
Examples
Setting a Hash in
i18n: transliterate: rule: ü: "ue" ö: "oe"
Setting a Hash using Ruby:
store_translations(:de, :i18n => { :transliterate => { :rule => { "ü" => "ue", "ö" => "oe" } } )
Setting a Proc:
translit = lambda {|string| MyTransliterator.transliterate(string) } store_translations(:xx, :i18n => {:transliterate => {:rule => translit})
Transliterating strings:
I18n.locale = :en I18n.transliterate("Jürgen") # => "Jurgen" I18n.locale = :de I18n.transliterate("Jürgen") # => "Juergen" I18n.transliterate("Jürgen", :locale => :en) # => "Jurgen" I18n.transliterate("Jürgen", :locale => :de) # => "Juergen"
# File lib/i18n.rb, line 215 215: def transliterate(*args) 216: options = args.pop if args.last.is_a?(Hash) 217: key = args.shift 218: locale = options && options.delete(:locale) || config.locale 219: raises = options && options.delete(:raise) 220: replacement = options && options.delete(:replacement) 221: config.backend.transliterate(locale, key, replacement) 222: rescue I18n::ArgumentError => exception 223: raise exception if raises 224: handle_exception(exception, locale, key, options) 225: end
Executes block with given I18n.locale set.
# File lib/i18n.rb, line 236 236: def with_locale(tmp_locale = nil) 237: if tmp_locale 238: current_locale = self.locale 239: self.locale = tmp_locale 240: end 241: yield 242: ensure 243: self.locale = current_locale if tmp_locale 244: end
Handles exceptions raised in the backend. All exceptions except for MissingTranslationData exceptions are re-raised. When a MissingTranslationData was caught and the option :raise is not set the handler returns an error message string containing the key/scope.
# File lib/i18n.rb, line 268 268: def default_exception_handler(exception, locale, key, options) 269: return exception.message if MissingTranslationData === exception 270: raise exception 271: end
Any exceptions thrown in translate will be sent to the @@exception_handler which can be a Symbol, a Proc or any other Object.
If exception_handler is a Symbol then it will simply be sent to I18n as a method call. A Proc will simply be called. In any other case the method # will be called on the exception_handler object.
Examples:
I18n.exception_handler = :default_exception_handler # this is the default I18n.default_exception_handler(exception, locale, key, options) # will be called like this I18n.exception_handler = lambda { |*args| ... } # a lambda I18n.exception_handler.call(exception, locale, key, options) # will be called like this I18n.exception_handler = I18nExceptionHandler.new # an object I18n.exception_handler.call(exception, locale, key, options) # will be called like this
# File lib/i18n.rb, line 290 290: def handle_exception(exception, locale, key, options) 291: case config.exception_handler 292: when Symbol 293: send(config.exception_handler, exception, locale, key, options) 294: else 295: config.exception_handler.call(exception, locale, key, options) 296: end 297: end
# File lib/i18n.rb, line 305 305: def normalize_key(key, separator) 306: normalized_key_cache[separator][key] ||= 307: case key 308: when Array 309: key.map { |k| normalize_key(k, separator) }.flatten 310: else 311: keys = key.to_s.split(separator) 312: keys.delete('') 313: keys.map!{ |k| k.to_sym } 314: keys 315: end 316: end
Deprecated. Will raise a warning in future versions and then finally be removed. Use I18n.normalize_keys instead.
# File lib/i18n.rb, line 301 301: def normalize_translation_keys(locale, key, scope, separator = nil) 302: normalize_keys(locale, key, scope, separator) 303: end
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