"""Algorithms for computing symbolic roots of polynomials. """
from sympy.core.symbol import Dummy
from sympy.core import S, I
from sympy.core.sympify import sympify
from sympy.core.numbers import Rational, igcd
from sympy.ntheory import divisors, isprime, nextprime
from sympy.functions import exp, sqrt
from sympy.polys.polytools import Poly, cancel, factor, gcd_list
from sympy.polys.specialpolys import cyclotomic_poly
from sympy.polys.polyerrors import PolynomialError, GeneratorsNeeded, DomainError
from sympy.simplify import simplify
from sympy.utilities import default_sort_key
from sympy.core.compatibility import reduce
import math
def roots_linear(f):
"""Returns a list of roots of a linear polynomial."""
r = -f.nth(0)/f.nth(1)
dom = f.get_domain()
if not dom.is_Numerical:
if dom.is_Composite:
r = factor(r)
else:
r = simplify(r)
return [r]
def roots_quadratic(f):
"""Returns a list of roots of a quadratic polynomial."""
a, b, c = f.all_coeffs()
dom = f.get_domain()
def _simplify(expr):
if dom.is_Composite:
return factor(expr)
else:
return simplify(expr)
if c is S.Zero:
r0, r1 = S.Zero, -b/a
if not dom.is_Numerical:
r1 = _simplify(r1)
elif b is S.Zero:
r = -c/a
if not dom.is_Numerical:
R = sqrt(_simplify(r))
else:
R = sqrt(r)
r0 = R
r1 = -R
else:
d = b**2 - 4*a*c
if dom.is_Numerical:
D = sqrt(d)
r0 = (-b + D) / (2*a)
r1 = (-b - D) / (2*a)
else:
D = sqrt(_simplify(d))
A = 2*a
E = _simplify(-b/A)
F = D/A
r0 = E + F
r1 = E - F
return sorted([r0, r1], key=default_sort_key)
def roots_cubic(f):
"""Returns a list of roots of a cubic polynomial."""
_, a, b, c = f.monic().all_coeffs()
if c is S.Zero:
x1, x2 = roots([1, a, b], multiple=True)
return [x1, S.Zero, x2]
p = b - a**2/3
q = c - a*b/3 + 2*a**3/27
pon3 = p/3
aon3 = a/3
if p is S.Zero:
if q is S.Zero:
return [-aon3]*3
else:
u1 = q**Rational(1, 3)
elif q is S.Zero:
y1, y2 = roots([1, 0, p], multiple=True)
return [tmp - aon3 for tmp in [y1, S.Zero, y2]]
else:
u1 = (q/2 + sqrt(q**2/4 + pon3**3))**Rational(1, 3)
coeff = S.ImaginaryUnit*sqrt(3)/2
u2 = u1*(-S.Half + coeff)
u3 = u1*(-S.Half - coeff)
soln = [
-u1 + pon3/u1 - aon3,
-u2 + pon3/u2 - aon3,
-u3 + pon3/u3 - aon3
]
return soln
def roots_quartic(f):
r"""
Returns a list of roots of a quartic polynomial.
There are many references for solving quartic expressions available [1-5].
This reviewer has found that many of them require one to select from among
2 or more possible sets of solutions and that some solutions work when one
is searching for real roots but don't work when searching for complex roots
(though this is not always stated clearly). The following routine has been
tested and found to be correct for 0, 2 or 4 complex roots.
The quasisymmetric case solution [6] looks for quartics that have the form
`x**4 + A*x**3 + B*x**2 + C*x + D = 0` where `(C/A)**2 = D`.
Although there is a general solution, simpler results can be obtained for
certain values of the coefficients. In all cases, 4 roots are returned:
1) `f = c + a*(a**2/8 - b/2) == 0`
2) `g = d - a*(a*(3*a**2/256 - b/16) + c/4) = 0`
3) if `f != 0` and `g != 0` and `p = -d + a*c/4 - b**2/12` then
a) `p == 0`
b) `p != 0`
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import Poly, symbols, I
>>> from sympy.polys.polyroots import roots_quartic
>>> r = roots_quartic(Poly('x**4-6*x**3+17*x**2-26*x+20'))
>>> # 4 complex roots: 1+-I*sqrt(3), 2+-I
>>> sorted(str(tmp.evalf(n=2)) for tmp in r)
['1.0 + 1.7*I', '1.0 - 1.7*I', '2.0 + 1.0*I', '2.0 - 1.0*I']
References
==========
1. http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.cubic.equations.html
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartic_function#Summary_of_Ferrari.27s_method
3. http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/GaloisTheoreticDerivationOfTheQuarticFormula.html
4. http://staff.bath.ac.uk/masjhd/JHD-CA.pdf
5. http://www.albmath.org/files/Math_5713.pdf
6. http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Quartic-equation
"""
_, a, b, c, d = f.monic().all_coeffs()
if not d:
return [S.Zero] + roots([1, a, b, c], multiple=True)
elif (c/a)**2 == d:
x, m = f.gen, c/a
g = Poly(x**2 + a*x + b - 2*m, x)
z1, z2 = roots_quadratic(g)
h1 = Poly(x**2 - z1*x + m, x)
h2 = Poly(x**2 - z2*x + m, x)
r1 = roots_quadratic(h1)
r2 = roots_quadratic(h2)
return r1 + r2
else:
a2 = a**2
e = b - 3*a2/8
f = c + a*(a2/8 - b/2)
g = d - a*(a*(3*a2/256 - b/16) + c/4)
aon4 = a/4
ans = []
if f is S.Zero:
y1, y2 = [sqrt(tmp) for tmp in
roots([1, e, g], multiple=True)]
return [tmp - aon4 for tmp in [-y1, -y2, y1, y2]]
if g is S.Zero:
y = [S.Zero] + roots([1, 0, e, f], multiple=True)
return [tmp - aon4 for tmp in y]
else:
p = -e**2/12 - g
q = -e**3/108 + e*g/3 - f**2/8
TH = Rational(1, 3)
if p is S.Zero:
y = -5*e/6 - q**TH
else:
# with p !=0 then u below is not 0
root = sqrt(q**2/4 + p**3/27)
r = -q/2 + root # or -q/2 - root
u = r**TH # primary root of solve(x**3-r, x)
y = -5*e/6 + u - p/u/3
w = sqrt(e + 2*y)
arg1 = 3*e + 2*y
arg2 = 2*f/w
for s in [-1, 1]:
root = sqrt(-(arg1 + s*arg2))
for t in [-1, 1]:
ans.append((s*w - t*root)/2 - aon4)
return ans
def roots_binomial(f):
"""Returns a list of roots of a binomial polynomial."""
n = f.degree()
a, b = f.nth(n), f.nth(0)
alpha = (-cancel(b/a))**Rational(1, n)
if alpha.is_number:
alpha = alpha.expand(complex=True)
roots, I = [], S.ImaginaryUnit
for k in xrange(n):
zeta = exp(2*k*S.Pi*I/n).expand(complex=True)
roots.append((alpha*zeta).expand(power_base=False))
return sorted(roots, key=default_sort_key)
def _inv_totient_estimate(m):
"""
Find ``(L, U)`` such that ``L <= phi^-1(m) <= U``.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.polys.polyroots import _inv_totient_estimate
>>> _inv_totient_estimate(192)
(192, 840)
>>> _inv_totient_estimate(400)
(400, 1750)
"""
primes = [ d + 1 for d in divisors(m) if isprime(d + 1) ]
a, b = 1, 1
for p in primes:
a *= p
b *= p - 1
L = m
U = int(math.ceil(m*(float(a)/b)))
P = p = 2
primes = []
while P <= U:
p = nextprime(p)
primes.append(p)
P *= p
P //= p
b = 1
for p in primes[:-1]:
b *= p - 1
U = int(math.ceil(m*(float(P)/b)))
return L, U
def roots_cyclotomic(f, factor=False):
"""Compute roots of cyclotomic polynomials. """
L, U = _inv_totient_estimate(f.degree())
for n in xrange(L, U + 1):
g = cyclotomic_poly(n, f.gen, polys=True)
if f == g:
break
else: # pragma: no cover
raise RuntimeError("failed to find index of a cyclotomic polynomial")
roots = []
if not factor:
for k in xrange(1, n + 1):
if igcd(k, n) == 1:
roots.append(exp(2*k*S.Pi*I/n).expand(complex=True))
else:
g = Poly(f, extension=(-1)**Rational(1, n))
for h, _ in g.factor_list()[1]:
roots.append(-h.TC())
return sorted(roots, key=default_sort_key)
def _integer_basis(poly):
"""Compute coefficient basis for a polynomial over integers. """
monoms, coeffs = zip(*poly.terms())
monoms, = zip(*monoms)
coeffs = map(abs, coeffs)
if coeffs[0] < coeffs[-1]:
coeffs = list(reversed(coeffs))
else:
return None
monoms = monoms[:-1]
coeffs = coeffs[:-1]
divs = reversed(divisors(gcd_list(coeffs))[1:])
try:
div = divs.next()
except StopIteration:
return None
while True:
for monom, coeff in zip(monoms, coeffs):
if coeff % div**monom != 0:
try:
div = divs.next()
except StopIteration:
return None
else:
break
else:
return div
def preprocess_roots(poly):
"""Try to get rid of symbolic coefficients from ``poly``. """
coeff = S.One
try:
_, poly = poly.clear_denoms(convert=True)
except DomainError:
return coeff, poly
poly = poly.primitive()[1]
poly = poly.retract()
if poly.get_domain().is_Poly and all(c.is_monomial for c in poly.rep.coeffs()):
poly = poly.inject()
strips = zip(*poly.monoms())
gens = list(poly.gens[1:])
base, strips = strips[0], strips[1:]
for gen, strip in zip(list(gens), strips):
reverse = False
if strip[0] < strip[-1]:
strip = reversed(strip)
reverse = True
ratio = None
for a, b in zip(base, strip):
if not a and not b:
continue
elif not a or not b:
break
elif b % a != 0:
break
else:
_ratio = b // a
if ratio is None:
ratio = _ratio
elif ratio != _ratio:
break
else:
if reverse:
ratio = -ratio
poly = poly.eval(gen, 1)
coeff *= gen**(-ratio)
gens.remove(gen)
if gens:
poly = poly.eject(*gens)
if poly.is_univariate and poly.get_domain().is_ZZ:
basis = _integer_basis(poly)
if basis is not None:
n = poly.degree()
def func(k, coeff):
return coeff//basis**(n - k[0])
poly = poly.termwise(func)
coeff *= basis
return coeff, poly
[docs]def roots(f, *gens, **flags):
"""
Computes symbolic roots of a univariate polynomial.
Given a univariate polynomial f with symbolic coefficients (or
a list of the polynomial's coefficients), returns a dictionary
with its roots and their multiplicities.
Only roots expressible via radicals will be returned. To get
a complete set of roots use RootOf class or numerical methods
instead. By default cubic and quartic formulas are used in
the algorithm. To disable them because of unreadable output
set ``cubics=False`` or ``quartics=False`` respectively.
To get roots from a specific domain set the ``filter`` flag with
one of the following specifiers: Z, Q, R, I, C. By default all
roots are returned (this is equivalent to setting ``filter='C'``).
By default a dictionary is returned giving a compact result in
case of multiple roots. However to get a tuple containing all
those roots set the ``multiple`` flag to True.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy import Poly, roots
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y
>>> roots(x**2 - 1, x)
{-1: 1, 1: 1}
>>> p = Poly(x**2-1, x)
>>> roots(p)
{-1: 1, 1: 1}
>>> p = Poly(x**2-y, x, y)
>>> roots(Poly(p, x))
{-sqrt(y): 1, sqrt(y): 1}
>>> roots(x**2 - y, x)
{-sqrt(y): 1, sqrt(y): 1}
>>> roots([1, 0, -1])
{-1: 1, 1: 1}
"""
flags = dict(flags)
auto = flags.pop('auto', True)
cubics = flags.pop('cubics', True)
quartics = flags.pop('quartics', True)
multiple = flags.pop('multiple', False)
filter = flags.pop('filter', None)
predicate = flags.pop('predicate', None)
if isinstance(f, list):
if gens:
raise ValueError('redundant generators given')
x = Dummy('x')
poly, i = {}, len(f) - 1
for coeff in f:
poly[i], i = sympify(coeff), i - 1
f = Poly(poly, x, field=True)
else:
try:
f = Poly(f, *gens, **flags)
except GeneratorsNeeded:
if multiple:
return []
else:
return {}
if f.is_multivariate:
raise PolynomialError('multivariate polynomials are not supported')
def _update_dict(result, root, k):
if root in result:
result[root] += k
else:
result[root] = k
def _try_decompose(f):
"""Find roots using functional decomposition. """
factors, roots = f.decompose(), []
for root in _try_heuristics(factors[0]):
roots.append(root)
for factor in factors[1:]:
previous, roots = list(roots), []
for root in previous:
g = factor - Poly(root, f.gen)
for root in _try_heuristics(g):
roots.append(root)
return roots
def _try_heuristics(f):
"""Find roots using formulas and some tricks. """
if f.is_ground:
return []
if f.is_monomial:
return [S(0)]*f.degree()
if f.length() == 2:
if f.degree() == 1:
return map(cancel, roots_linear(f))
else:
return roots_binomial(f)
result = []
for i in [-1, 1]:
if not f.eval(i):
f = f.quo(Poly(f.gen - i, f.gen))
result.append(i)
break
n = f.degree()
if n == 1:
result += map(cancel, roots_linear(f))
elif n == 2:
result += map(cancel, roots_quadratic(f))
elif f.is_cyclotomic:
result += roots_cyclotomic(f)
elif n == 3 and cubics:
result += roots_cubic(f)
elif n == 4 and quartics:
result += roots_quartic(f)
return result
(k,), f = f.terms_gcd()
if not k:
zeros = {}
else:
zeros = {S(0): k}
coeff, f = preprocess_roots(f)
if auto and f.get_domain().has_Ring:
f = f.to_field()
result = {}
if not f.is_ground:
if not f.get_domain().is_Exact:
for r in f.nroots():
_update_dict(result, r, 1)
elif f.degree() == 1:
result[roots_linear(f)[0]] = 1
elif f.degree() == 2:
for r in roots_quadratic(f):
_update_dict(result, r, 1)
elif f.length() == 2:
for r in roots_binomial(f):
_update_dict(result, r, 1)
else:
_, factors = Poly(f.as_expr()).factor_list()
if len(factors) == 1 and factors[0][1] == 1:
for root in _try_decompose(f):
_update_dict(result, root, 1)
else:
for factor, k in factors:
for r in _try_heuristics(Poly(factor, f.gen, field=True)):
_update_dict(result, r, k)
if coeff is not S.One:
_result, result, = result, {}
for root, k in _result.iteritems():
result[coeff*root] = k
result.update(zeros)
if filter not in [None, 'C']:
handlers = {
'Z': lambda r: r.is_Integer,
'Q': lambda r: r.is_Rational,
'R': lambda r: r.is_real,
'I': lambda r: r.is_imaginary,
}
try:
query = handlers[filter]
except KeyError:
raise ValueError("Invalid filter: %s" % filter)
for zero in dict(result).iterkeys():
if not query(zero):
del result[zero]
if predicate is not None:
for zero in dict(result).iterkeys():
if not predicate(zero):
del result[zero]
if not multiple:
return result
else:
zeros = []
for zero, k in result.iteritems():
zeros.extend([zero]*k)
return sorted(zeros, key=default_sort_key)
def root_factors(f, *gens, **args):
"""
Returns all factors of a univariate polynomial.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y
>>> from sympy.polys.polyroots import root_factors
>>> root_factors(x**2 - y, x)
[x - sqrt(y), x + sqrt(y)]
"""
args = dict(args)
filter = args.pop('filter', None)
F = Poly(f, *gens, **args)
if not F.is_Poly:
return [f]
if F.is_multivariate:
raise ValueError('multivariate polynomials not supported')
x = F.gens[0]
zeros = roots(F, filter=filter)
if not zeros:
factors = [F]
else:
factors, N = [], 0
for r, n in zeros.iteritems():
factors, N = factors + [Poly(x - r, x)]*n, N + n
if N < F.degree():
G = reduce(lambda p, q: p*q, factors)
factors.append(F.quo(G))
if not isinstance(f, Poly):
factors = [ f.as_expr() for f in factors ]
return sorted(factors, key=default_sort_key)