base-4.3.0.0: Basic libraries

Portabilityportable
Stabilityexperimental
Maintainerlibraries@haskell.org

Control.Applicative

Contents

Description

This module describes a structure intermediate between a functor and a monad: it provides pure expressions and sequencing, but no binding. (Technically, a strong lax monoidal functor.) For more details, see Applicative Programming with Effects, by Conor McBride and Ross Paterson, online at http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~ross/papers/Applicative.html.

This interface was introduced for parsers by Niklas Röjemo, because it admits more sharing than the monadic interface. The names here are mostly based on recent parsing work by Doaitse Swierstra.

This class is also useful with instances of the Data.Traversable.Traversable class.

Synopsis

Applicative functors

class Functor f => Applicative f where

A functor with application.

Instances should satisfy the following laws:

identity
pure id <*> v = v
composition
pure (.) <*> u <*> v <*> w = u <*> (v <*> w)
homomorphism
pure f <*> pure x = pure (f x)
interchange
u <*> pure y = pure ($ y) <*> u
ignore left value
u *> v = pure (const id) <*> u <*> v
ignore right value
u <* v = pure const <*> u <*> v

The Functor instance should satisfy

      fmap f x = pure f <*> x

If f is also a Monad, define pure = return and (<*>) = ap.

Minimal complete definition: pure and <*>.

Methods

pure :: a -> f a

Lift a value.

(<*>) :: f (a -> b) -> f a -> f b

Sequential application.

(*>) :: f a -> f b -> f b

Sequence actions, discarding the value of the first argument.

(<*) :: f a -> f b -> f a

Sequence actions, discarding the value of the second argument.

Alternatives

class Applicative f => Alternative f where

A monoid on applicative functors.

Minimal complete definition: empty and <|>.

some and many should be the least solutions of the equations:

Methods

empty :: f a

The identity of <|>

(<|>) :: f a -> f a -> f a

An associative binary operation

some :: f a -> f [a]

One or more.

many :: f a -> f [a]

Zero or more.

Instances

newtype Const a b

Constructors

Const 

Fields

getConst :: a
 

Instances

newtype WrappedMonad m a

Constructors

WrapMonad 

Fields

unwrapMonad :: m a
 

newtype WrappedArrow a b c

Constructors

WrapArrow 

Fields

unwrapArrow :: a b c
 

newtype ZipList a

Lists, but with an Applicative functor based on zipping, so that

f <$> ZipList xs1 <*> ... <*> ZipList xsn = ZipList (zipWithn f xs1 ... xsn)

Constructors

ZipList 

Fields

getZipList :: [a]
 

Utility functions

(<$>) :: Functor f => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b

An infix synonym for fmap.

(<$) :: Functor f => a -> f b -> f a

Replace all locations in the input with the same value. The default definition is fmap . const, but this may be overridden with a more efficient version.

(<**>) :: Applicative f => f a -> f (a -> b) -> f b

A variant of <*> with the arguments reversed.

liftA :: Applicative f => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b

Lift a function to actions. This function may be used as a value for fmap in a Functor instance.

liftA2 :: Applicative f => (a -> b -> c) -> f a -> f b -> f c

Lift a binary function to actions.

liftA3 :: Applicative f => (a -> b -> c -> d) -> f a -> f b -> f c -> f d

Lift a ternary function to actions.

optional :: Alternative f => f a -> f (Maybe a)

One or none.