| 1.0 | Using POV-Ray for Unix |
| 1.1 | Introduction |
| 1.1.1 | What is POV-Ray™? |
| 1.1.2 | What is POV-Ray for Unix? |
| 1.1.2.1 | ... And What Is It Not? |
| 1.1.3 | Who Can Use POV-Ray for Unix? |
| 1.1.4 | Spelling |
| 1.1.5 | Reporting Bugs |
| 1.1.6 | Trademarks |
| 1.2 | New Features |
| 1.2.1 | I/O Restrictions |
| 1.2.2 | Display Options |
| 1.3 | Getting Started |
| 1.3.1 | Starting a Render Job |
| 1.3.2 | Tutorials |
| 1.4 | I/O Restrictions |
| 1.4.1 | High-Level Configuration |
| 1.4.1.1 | Overall Options |
| 1.4.1.1.1 | No Restrictions |
| 1.4.1.1.2 | Restrict Write but Allow Read |
| 1.4.1.1.3 | Restrict Read/Write |
| 1.4.1.2 | Restrictions Affect all Core File I/O |
| 1.4.1.3 | Additional Options |
| 1.4.1.3.1 | Permit Read/Write in Current Directory |
| 1.4.1.3.2 | Disable Starting other Programs |
| 1.4.2 | Low-Level Configuration |
| 1.4.2.1 | Overall Concept |
| 1.4.2.2 | Adding or Changing Allowed Directories |
| 1.5 | Understanding File Types |
| 1.5.1 | POV Files |
| 1.5.2 | INI Files |
| 1.5.2.1 | INI File Sections |
| 1.6 | Understanding POV-Ray Options |
| 1.6.1 | Special Command-Line Options |
| 1.7 | Bug Reports |
| 1.7.1 | Feature Requests are not bugs |
| 1.7.2 | Known Bugs |
| 1.7.3 | Spelling |
| 1.7.4 | Bug Reporting via Email |
| 1.7.5 | Bug Reporting via our News Server |
| 1.8 | Speed Considerations |
| 1.8.1 | Render Priority |
| 1.8.2 | Render Window |
| 1.8.3 | Memory |
| 1.8.4 | Scene Features |
| 1.8.5 | Render Quality |
| 1.9 | POV-Ray Accessories |
| 1.9.1 | The IRTC CDROM's |
| 1.9.2 | The IRTC CDROM (Year Three) |
| 1.9.3 | The IRTC CDROM (Year Two) |
| 1.9.4 | The IRTC CDROM (Year One) |
| 2.0 | Introduction to POV-Ray |
| 2.1 | Program Description |
| 2.2 | What is Ray-Tracing? |
| 2.3 | What is POV-Ray? |
| 2.3.1 | Features |
| 2.3.2 | The Early History of POV-Ray |
| 2.3.2.1 | The Original Creation Message |
| 2.3.2.2 | The Name |
| 2.3.2.3 | A Historic 'Version History' |
| 2.4 | How Do I Begin? |
| 2.5 | Notation and Basic Assumptions |
| 2.6 | What's New in POV-Ray 3.5? |
| 2.6.1 | Noise Changes |
| 2.6.2 | Photons, Dispersion and Improved Radiosity |
| 2.6.3 | New Light Source Types and Light Groups |
| 2.6.4 | Isosurface and Parametric Objects |
| 2.6.5 | Sphere Sweep Object |
| 2.6.6 | New More Compact Mesh Object & Solid Mesh |
| 2.6.7 | UV Mapping |
| 2.6.8 | Improved Textures |
| 2.6.9 | Improved and Faster Media |
| 2.6.10 | New Patterns |
| 2.6.11 | New Functions |
| 2.6.12 | Additional New Features |
| 2.6.13 | Bug Fixes and Enhancements |
| 2.6.14 | Changed features that may 'break' old scenes |
| 2.6.15 | New Keywords |
| 3.0 | Beginning Tutorial |
| 3.1 | Our First Image |
| 3.1.1 | Understanding POV-Ray's Coordinate System |
| 3.1.2 | Adding Standard Include Files |
| 3.1.3 | Adding a Camera |
| 3.1.4 | Describing an Object |
| 3.1.5 | Adding Texture to an Object |
| 3.1.6 | Defining a Light Source |
| 3.2 | Basic Shapes |
| 3.2.1 | Box Object |
| 3.2.2 | Cone Object |
| 3.2.3 | Cylinder Object |
| 3.2.4 | Plane Object |
| 3.2.5 | Torus Object |
| 3.3 | CSG Objects |
| 3.3.1 | What is CSG? |
| 3.3.2 | CSG Union |
| 3.3.3 | CSG Intersection |
| 3.3.4 | CSG Difference |
| 3.3.5 | CSG Merge |
| 3.3.6 | CSG Pitfalls |
| 3.3.6.1 | Co-incident Surfaces |
| 3.4 | Spline Based Shapes |
| 3.4.1 | Lathe Object |
| 3.4.1.1 | Understanding The Concept of Splines |
| 3.4.2 | Surface of Revolution Object |
| 3.4.3 | Prism Object |
| 3.4.3.1 | Teaching An Old Spline New Tricks |
| 3.4.3.2 | Smooth Transitions |
| 3.4.3.3 | Multiple Sub-Shapes |
| 3.4.3.4 | Conic Sweeps And The Tapering Effect |
| 3.4.4 | Sphere Sweep Object |
| 3.4.5 | Bicubic Patch Object |
| 3.4.6 | Text Object |
| 3.5 | Polygon Based Shapes |
| 3.5.1 | Mesh Object |
| 3.5.2 | Mesh2 Object |
| 3.5.2.1 | Smooth triangles and mesh2 |
| 3.5.2.2 | UV mapping and mesh2 |
| 3.5.2.3 | A separate texture per triangle |
| 3.5.3 | Polygon Object |
| 3.6 | Other Shapes |
| 3.6.1 | Blob Object |
| 3.6.1.1 | Component Types and Other New Features |
| 3.6.1.2 | Complex Blob Constructs and Negative Strength |
| 3.6.2 | Height Field Object |
| 3.6.3 | Isosurface Object |
| 3.6.3.1 | simple functions |
| 3.6.3.2 | several surfaces |
| 3.6.3.3 | non-linear functions |
| 3.6.3.4 | internal functions |
| 3.6.3.5 | Combining isosurface functions |
| 3.6.3.6 | noise and pigment functions |
| 3.6.3.7 | accuracy, max_gradient, etc. |
| 3.6.4 | Poly Object |
| 3.6.4.1 | Creating the polynomial function |
| 3.6.4.2 | Writing the polynomial vector |
| 3.6.5 | Superquadric Ellipsoid Object |
| 3.7 | The Light Source |
| 3.7.1 | The Pointlight Source |
| 3.7.2 | The Spotlight Source |
| 3.7.3 | The Cylindrical Light Source |
| 3.7.4 | The Area Light Source |
| 3.7.5 | The Ambient Light Source |
| 3.7.6 | Light Source Specials |
| 3.7.6.1 | Using Shadowless Lights |
| 3.7.6.2 | Assigning an Object to a Light Source |
| 3.7.6.3 | Using Light Fading |
| 3.8 | Simple Texture Options |
| 3.8.1 | Surface Finishes |
| 3.8.2 | Adding Bumpiness |
| 3.8.3 | Creating Color Patterns |
| 3.8.4 | Pre-defined Textures |
| 3.9 | Advanced Texture Options |
| 3.9.1 | Pigments |
| 3.9.1.1 | Using Color List Pigments |
| 3.9.1.2 | Using Pigment and Patterns |
| 3.9.1.3 | Using Pattern Modifiers |
| 3.9.1.4 | Using Transparent Pigments and Layered Textures |
| 3.9.1.5 | Using Pigment Maps |
| 3.9.2 | Normals |
| 3.9.2.1 | Using Basic Normal Modifiers |
| 3.9.2.2 | Blending Normals |
| 3.9.3 | Finishes |
| 3.9.3.1 | Using Ambient |
| 3.9.3.2 | Using Surface Highlights |
| 3.9.3.3 | Using Reflection, Metallic and Metallic |
| 3.9.3.4 | Using Iridescence |
| 3.9.4 | Working With Pigment Maps |
| 3.9.5 | Working With Normal Maps |
| 3.9.6 | Working With Texture Maps |
| 3.9.7 | Working With List Textures |
| 3.9.8 | What About Tiles? |
| 3.9.9 | Average Function |
| 3.9.10 | Working With Layered Textures |
| 3.9.10.1 | Declaring Layered Textures |
| 3.9.10.2 | Another Layered Textures Example |
| 3.9.11 | When All Else Fails: Material Maps |
| 3.9.12 | Limitations Of Special Textures |
| 3.10 | Using the Camera |
| 3.10.1 | Using Focal Blur |
| 3.11 | Using Atmospheric Effects |
| 3.11.1 | The Background |
| 3.11.2 | The Sky Sphere |
| 3.11.2.1 | Creating a Sky with a Color Gradient |
| 3.11.2.2 | Adding the Sun |
| 3.11.2.3 | Adding Some Clouds |
| 3.11.3 | The Fog |
| 3.11.3.1 | A Constant Fog |
| 3.11.3.2 | Setting a Minimum Translucency |
| 3.11.3.3 | Creating a Filtering Fog |
| 3.11.3.4 | Adding Some Turbulence to the Fog |
| 3.11.3.5 | Using Ground Fog |
| 3.11.3.6 | Using Multiple Layers of Fog |
| 3.11.3.7 | Fog and Hollow Objects |
| 3.11.4 | The Rainbow |
| 3.11.4.1 | Starting With a Simple Rainbow |
| 3.11.4.2 | Increasing the Rainbow's Translucency |
| 3.11.4.3 | Using a Rainbow Arc |
| 3.12 | Making Animations |
| 3.12.1 | The Clock Variable: Key To It All |
| 3.12.2 | Clock Dependant Variables And Multi-Stage Animations |
| 3.12.3 | The Phase Keyword |
| 3.12.4 | Do Not Use Jitter Or Crand |
| 3.12.5 | INI File Settings |
| 4.0 | Advanced Tutorial |
| 4.1 | Radiosity Tutorial |
| 4.1.1 | Introduction |
| 4.1.2 | Radiosity with conventional lighting |
| 4.1.3 | Radiosity without conventional lighting |
| 4.1.4 | Normals and Radiosity |
| 4.1.5 | Performance considerations |
| 4.2 | POV-Ray SDL tutorial: A raytracer |
| 4.2.1 | Introduction |
| 4.2.2 | The idea and the code |
| 4.2.3 | Short introduction to raytracing |
| 4.2.4 | Global settings |
| 4.2.5 | Scene definition |
| 4.2.6 | Initializing the raytracer |
| 4.2.7 | Ray-sphere intersection |
| 4.2.7.1 | Inner workings of a #macro |
| 4.2.7.2 | The ray-sphere intersection macro |
| 4.2.8 | The Trace macro |
| 4.2.8.1 | Calculating the closest intersection |
| 4.2.8.2 | If the ray doesn't hit anything |
| 4.2.8.3 | Calculating the color of the pixel |
| 4.2.8.3.1 | Initializing color calculations |
| 4.2.8.3.2 | Going through the light sources |
| 4.2.8.3.3 | Shadow test |
| 4.2.8.3.4 | Diffuse lighting |
| 4.2.8.3.5 | Specular lighting |
| 4.2.8.3.6 | Reflection Calculation |
| 4.2.9 | Calculating the image |
| 4.2.10 | Creating the colored mesh |
| 4.2.10.1 | The structure of the mesh |
| 4.2.10.2 | Creating the mesh |
| 4.2.10.2.1 | Creating the vertex points |
| 4.2.10.2.2 | Creating the textures |
| 4.2.10.2.3 | Creating the triangles |
| 4.2.11 | The Camera-setup |
| 5.0 | POV-Ray Options |
| 5.1 | Setting POV-Ray Options |
| 5.1.1 | Command Line Switches |
| 5.1.2 | Using INI Files |
| 5.1.3 | Using the POVINI Environment Variable |
| 5.2 | Options Reference |
| 5.2.1 | Animation Options |
| 5.2.1.1 | External Animation Loop |
| 5.2.1.2 | Internal Animation Loop |
| 5.2.1.3 | Subsets of Animation Frames |
| 5.2.1.4 | Cyclic Animation |
| 5.2.1.5 | Field Rendering |
| 5.2.2 | Output Options |
| 5.2.2.1 | General Output Options |
| 5.2.2.1.1 | Height and Width of Output |
| 5.2.2.1.2 | Partial Output Options |
| 5.2.2.1.3 | Interrupting Options |
| 5.2.2.1.4 | Resuming Options |
| 5.2.2.2 | Display Output Options |
| 5.2.2.2.1 | Display Hardware Settings |
| 5.2.2.2.2 | Setting your Display Gamma |
| 5.2.2.2.3 | Display Related Settings |
| 5.2.2.2.4 | Mosaic Preview |
| 5.2.2.3 | File Output Options |
| 5.2.2.3.1 | Output File Type |
| 5.2.2.3.2 | Output File Name |
| 5.2.2.3.3 | Output File Buffer |
| 5.2.2.4 | CPU Utilization Histogram |
| 5.2.2.4.1 | File Type |
| 5.2.2.4.2 | File Name |
| 5.2.2.4.3 | Grid Size |
| 5.2.3 | Scene Parsing Options |
| 5.2.3.1 | Constant |
| 5.2.3.2 | Input File Name |
| 5.2.3.3 | Include File Name |
| 5.2.3.4 | Library Paths |
| 5.2.3.5 | Language Version |
| 5.2.4 | Shell-out to Operating System |
| 5.2.4.1 | String Substitution in Shell Commands |
| 5.2.4.2 | Shell Command Sequencing |
| 5.2.4.3 | Shell Command Return Actions |
| 5.2.5 | Text Output |
| 5.2.5.1 | Text Streams |
| 5.2.5.2 | Console Text Output |
| 5.2.5.3 | Directing Text Streams to Files |
| 5.2.5.4 | Warning Level |
| 5.2.5.5 | Help Screen Switches |
| 5.2.6 | Tracing Options |
| 5.2.6.1 | Quality Settings |
| 5.2.6.2 | Automatic Bounding Control |
| 5.2.6.3 | Removing User Bounding |
| 5.2.6.4 | Anti-Aliasing Options |
| 6.0 | Scene Description Language |
| 6.1 | Language Basics |
| 6.1.1 | Identifiers and Keywords |
| 6.1.2 | Comments |
| 6.1.3 | Float Expressions |
| 6.1.3.1 | Float Literals |
| 6.1.3.2 | Float Identifiers |
| 6.1.3.3 | Float Operators |
| 6.1.3.4 | Built-in Float Identifiers |
| 6.1.3.4.1 | Constant Identifiers |
| 6.1.3.4.2 | Clock Identifiers |
| 6.1.3.4.3 | Image Size Identifiers |
| 6.1.3.4.4 | Version Identifier |
| 6.1.3.5 | Boolean Keywords |
| 6.1.3.6 | Float Functions |
| 6.1.4 | Vector Expressions |
| 6.1.4.1 | Vector Literals |
| 6.1.4.2 | Vector Identifiers |
| 6.1.4.3 | Vector Operators |
| 6.1.4.4 | Operator Promotion |
| 6.1.4.5 | Built-in Vector Identifiers |
| 6.1.4.6 | Vector Functions |
| 6.1.5 | Specifying Colors |
| 6.1.5.1 | Color Vectors |
| 6.1.5.2 | Color Keywords |
| 6.1.5.3 | Color Identifiers |
| 6.1.5.4 | Color Operators |
| 6.1.5.5 | Common Color Pitfalls |
| 6.1.6 | User-Defined Functions |
| 6.1.6.1 | Sum and Product functions |
| 6.1.6.2 | Functions and Macros |
| 6.1.6.3 | Declaring User-Defined Float Functions |
| 6.1.6.4 | Declaring User-Defined Vector Functions |
| 6.1.6.5 | Declaring User-Defined Color Functions |
| 6.1.6.6 | Internal Pre-Defined Functions |
| 6.1.7 | Strings |
| 6.1.7.1 | String Literals |
| 6.1.7.2 | String Identifiers |
| 6.1.7.3 | String Functions |
| 6.1.8 | Array Identifiers |
| 6.1.8.1 | Declaring Arrays |
| 6.1.8.2 | Array Initializers |
| 6.1.9 | Spline Identifiers |
| 6.1.9.1 | Splines and Macros |
| 6.2 | Language Directives |
| 6.2.1 | Include Files and the #include Directive. |
| 6.2.2 | The #declare and #local Directives |
| 6.2.2.1 | Declaring identifiers |
| 6.2.2.2 | #declare vs. #local |
| 6.2.2.3 | Identifier Name Collisions |
| 6.2.2.4 | Destroying Identifiers with #undef |
| 6.2.3 | File I/O Directives |
| 6.2.3.1 | The #fopen Directive |
| 6.2.3.2 | The #fclose Directive |
| 6.2.3.3 | The #read Directive |
| 6.2.3.4 | The #write Directive |
| 6.2.4 | The #default Directive |
| 6.2.5 | The #version Directive |
| 6.2.6 | Conditional Directives |
| 6.2.6.1 | The #if...#else...#end Directives |
| 6.2.6.2 | The #ifdef and #ifndef Directives |
| 6.2.6.3 | The #switch, #case, #range and #break Directives |
| 6.2.6.4 | The #while...#end Directive |
| 6.2.7 | User Message Directives |
| 6.2.7.1 | Text Message Streams |
| 6.2.7.2 | Text Formatting |
| 6.2.8 | User Defined Macros |
| 6.2.8.1 | The #macro Directive |
| 6.2.8.2 | Invoking Macros |
| 6.2.8.3 | Are POV-Ray Macros a Function or a Macro? |
| 6.2.8.4 | Returning a Value Like a Function |
| 6.2.8.5 | Returning Values Via Parameters |
| 6.3 | POV-Ray Coordinate System |
| 6.3.1 | Transformations |
| 6.3.1.1 | Translate |
| 6.3.1.2 | Scale |
| 6.3.1.3 | Rotate |
| 6.3.1.4 | Matrix Keyword |
| 6.3.2 | Transformation Order |
| 6.3.3 | Inverse Transform |
| 6.3.4 | Transform Identifiers |
| 6.3.5 | Transforming Textures and Objects |
| 6.4 | Camera |
| 6.4.1 | Placing the Camera |
| 6.4.1.1 | Location and Look_At |
| 6.4.1.2 | The Sky Vector |
| 6.4.1.3 | Angles |
| 6.4.1.4 | The Direction Vector |
| 6.4.1.5 | Up and Right Vectors |
| 6.4.1.5.1 | Aspect Ratio |
| 6.4.1.5.2 | Handedness |
| 6.4.1.6 | Transforming the Camera |
| 6.4.2 | Types of Projection |
| 6.4.2.1 | Perspective projection |
| 6.4.2.2 | Orthographic projection |
| 6.4.2.3 | Fisheye projection |
| 6.4.2.4 | Ultra wide angle projection |
| 6.4.2.5 | Omnimax projection |
| 6.4.2.6 | Panoramic projection |
| 6.4.2.7 | Cylindrical projection |
| 6.4.2.8 | Spherical projection |
| 6.4.3 | Focal Blur |
| 6.4.4 | Camera Ray Perturbation |
| 6.4.5 | Camera Identifiers |
| 6.5 | Objects |
| 6.5.1 | Finite Solid Primitives |
| 6.5.1.1 | Blob |
| 6.5.1.2 | Box |
| 6.5.1.3 | Cone |
| 6.5.1.4 | Cylinder |
| 6.5.1.5 | Height Field |
| 6.5.1.6 | Julia Fractal |
| 6.5.1.7 | Lathe |
| 6.5.1.8 | Prism |
| 6.5.1.9 | Sphere |
| 6.5.1.10 | Spheresweep |
| 6.5.1.11 | Superquadric Ellipsoid |
| 6.5.1.12 | Surface of Revolution |
| 6.5.1.13 | Text |
| 6.5.1.14 | Torus |
| 6.5.2 | Finite Patch Primitives |
| 6.5.2.1 | Bicubic Patch |
| 6.5.2.2 | Disc |
| 6.5.2.3 | Mesh |
| 6.5.2.3.1 | Solid Mesh |
| 6.5.2.4 | Mesh2 |
| 6.5.2.4.1 | Smooth and Flat triangles in the same mesh |
| 6.5.2.4.2 | Mesh Triangle Textures |
| 6.5.2.5 | Polygon |
| 6.5.2.6 | Triangle and Smooth Triangle |
| 6.5.3 | Infinite Solid Primitives |
| 6.5.3.1 | Plane |
| 6.5.3.2 | Poly, Cubic and Quartic |
| 6.5.3.3 | Quadric |
| 6.5.4 | Isosurface Object |
| 6.5.4.1 | Isosurface Syntax |
| 6.5.4.2 | Functions in Isosurface |
| 6.5.4.3 | Transformations on Functions |
| 6.5.4.3.1 | Functions, Scale |
| 6.5.4.3.2 | Scale Infinitely |
| 6.5.4.3.3 | Functions, Translate |
| 6.5.4.3.4 | Functions, Shear |
| 6.5.4.3.5 | Functions, Rotate |
| 6.5.4.3.6 | Functions, Flip |
| 6.5.4.3.7 | Functions, Twist |
| 6.5.4.4 | Combining Functions |
| 6.5.4.4.1 | Functions, Merge |
| 6.5.4.4.2 | Functions, Intersection |
| 6.5.4.4.3 | Functions, Difference |
| 6.5.4.4.4 | Functions, Blob |
| 6.5.4.4.5 | Functions, Negative Blob |
| 6.5.4.4.6 | Functions, Blend |
| 6.5.4.5 | Improving Isosurface Speed |
| 6.5.4.5.1 | Using Accuracy |
| 6.5.4.5.2 | Container |
| 6.5.4.5.3 | Maximum Gradient |
| 6.5.5 | Parametric Object |
| 6.5.6 | Constructive Solid Geometry |
| 6.5.6.1 | Inside and Outside |
| 6.5.6.2 | Union |
| 6.5.6.2.1 | Split_Union |
| 6.5.6.3 | Intersection |
| 6.5.6.4 | Difference |
| 6.5.6.5 | Merge |
| 6.5.7 | Light Sources |
| 6.5.7.1 | Point Lights |
| 6.5.7.2 | Spotlights |
| 6.5.7.3 | Cylindrical Lights |
| 6.5.7.4 | Parallel Lights |
| 6.5.7.5 | Area Lights |
| 6.5.7.6 | Shadowless Lights |
| 6.5.7.7 | Looks_like |
| 6.5.7.8 | Projected_Through |
| 6.5.7.9 | Light Fading |
| 6.5.7.10 | Atmospheric Media Interaction |
| 6.5.7.11 | Atmospheric Attenuation |
| 6.5.8 | Light Groups |
| 6.5.9 | Object Modifiers |
| 6.5.9.1 | Clipped_By |
| 6.5.9.2 | Bounded_By |
| 6.5.9.3 | Material |
| 6.5.9.4 | Inverse |
| 6.5.9.5 | Hollow |
| 6.5.9.6 | No_Shadow |
| 6.5.9.7 | No_Image, No_Reflection |
| 6.5.9.8 | Double_Illuminate |
| 6.5.9.9 | Sturm |
| 6.6 | Interior |
| 6.6.1 | Why are Interior and Media Necessary? |
| 6.6.2 | Empty and Solid Objects |
| 6.6.3 | Scaling objects with an interior. |
| 6.6.4 | Refraction |
| 6.6.5 | Dispersion |
| 6.6.6 | Attenuation |
| 6.6.7 | Faked Caustics |
| 6.6.8 | Object-Media |
| 6.7 | Textures |
| 6.7.1 | Pigment |
| 6.7.1.1 | Solid Color Pigments |
| 6.7.1.2 | Color List Pigments |
| 6.7.1.3 | Color Maps |
| 6.7.1.4 | Pigment Maps and Pigment Lists |
| 6.7.1.5 | Image Maps |
| 6.7.1.5.1 | Specifying an Image Map |
| 6.7.1.5.2 | The Filter and Transmit Bitmap Modifiers |
| 6.7.1.5.3 | Using the Alpha Channel |
| 6.7.1.6 | Quick Color |
| 6.7.2 | Normal |
| 6.7.2.1 | Slope Maps |
| 6.7.2.1.1 | Normals, Accuracy |
| 6.7.2.2 | Normal Maps and Normal Lists |
| 6.7.2.3 | Bump Maps |
| 6.7.2.3.1 | Specifying a Bump Map |
| 6.7.2.3.2 | Bump_Size |
| 6.7.2.3.3 | Use_Index and Use_Color |
| 6.7.2.4 | Scaling normals |
| 6.7.3 | Finish |
| 6.7.3.1 | Ambient |
| 6.7.3.2 | Diffuse Reflection Items |
| 6.7.3.2.1 | Diffuse |
| 6.7.3.2.2 | Brilliance |
| 6.7.3.2.3 | Crand Graininess |
| 6.7.3.3 | Highlights |
| 6.7.3.3.1 | Phong Highlights |
| 6.7.3.3.2 | Specular Highlight |
| 6.7.3.3.3 | Metallic Highlight Modifier |
| 6.7.3.4 | Specular Reflection |
| 6.7.3.5 | Conserve Energy for Reflection |
| 6.7.3.6 | Iridescence |
| 6.7.4 | Halo |
| 6.7.5 | Patterned Textures |
| 6.7.5.1 | Texture Maps |
| 6.7.5.2 | Tiles |
| 6.7.5.3 | Material Maps |
| 6.7.5.3.1 | Specifying a Material Map |
| 6.7.6 | Layered Textures |
| 6.7.7 | UV Mapping |
| 6.7.7.1 | Supported Objects |
| 6.7.7.2 | UV Vectors |
| 6.7.8 | Triangle Texture Interpolation |
| 6.7.9 | Interior Texture |
| 6.7.10 | Cutaway Textures |
| 6.7.11 | Patterns |
| 6.7.11.1 | Agate |
| 6.7.11.2 | Average |
| 6.7.11.3 | Boxed |
| 6.7.11.4 | Bozo |
| 6.7.11.5 | Brick |
| 6.7.11.6 | Bumps |
| 6.7.11.7 | Cells |
| 6.7.11.8 | Checker |
| 6.7.11.9 | Crackle Patterns |
| 6.7.11.10 | Cylindrical |
| 6.7.11.11 | Density_File |
| 6.7.11.12 | Dents |
| 6.7.11.13 | Facets |
| 6.7.11.14 | Fractal Patterns |
| 6.7.11.15 | Function as pattern |
| 6.7.11.15.1 | What can be used |
| 6.7.11.16 | Function Image |
| 6.7.11.17 | Gradient |
| 6.7.11.18 | Granite |
| 6.7.11.19 | Hexagon |
| 6.7.11.20 | Image Pattern |
| 6.7.11.21 | Leopard |
| 6.7.11.22 | Marble |
| 6.7.11.23 | Object-pattern |
| 6.7.11.24 | Onion |
| 6.7.11.25 | Pigment Pattern |
| 6.7.11.26 | Planar |
| 6.7.11.27 | Quilted |
| 6.7.11.28 | Radial |
| 6.7.11.29 | Ripples |
| 6.7.11.30 | Slope |
| 6.7.11.31 | Spherical |
| 6.7.11.32 | Spiral1 |
| 6.7.11.33 | Spiral2 |
| 6.7.11.34 | Spotted |
| 6.7.11.35 | Waves |
| 6.7.11.36 | Wood |
| 6.7.11.37 | Wrinkles |
| 6.7.12 | Pattern Modifiers |
| 6.7.12.1 | Transforming Patterns |
| 6.7.12.2 | Frequency and Phase |
| 6.7.12.3 | Waveforms |
| 6.7.12.4 | Noise Generators |
| 6.7.12.5 | Turbulence |
| 6.7.12.6 | Warps |
| 6.7.12.6.1 | Black Hole Warp |
| 6.7.12.6.2 | Repeat Warp |
| 6.7.12.6.3 | Turbulence versus Turbulence Warp |
| 6.7.12.6.4 | Turbulence Warp |
| 6.7.12.6.4.1 | Octaves |
| 6.7.12.6.4.2 | Lambda |
| 6.7.12.6.4.3 | Omega |
| 6.7.12.6.5 | Mapping using warps |
| 6.7.12.7 | Bitmap Modifiers |
| 6.7.12.7.1 | The once Option |
| 6.7.12.7.2 | The map_type Option |
| 6.7.12.7.3 | The interpolate Option |
| 6.8 | Media |
| 6.8.1 | Media Types |
| 6.8.1.1 | Absorption |
| 6.8.1.2 | Emission |
| 6.8.1.3 | Scattering |
| 6.8.2 | Sampling Parameters & Methods |
| 6.8.3 | Density |
| 6.8.3.1 | General Density Modifiers |
| 6.8.3.2 | Density with color_map |
| 6.8.3.3 | Density Maps and Density Lists |
| 6.8.3.4 | Multiple Density vs. Multiple Media |
| 6.9 | Atmospheric Effects |
| 6.9.1 | Atmospheric Media |
| 6.9.2 | Background |
| 6.9.3 | Fog |
| 6.9.4 | Sky Sphere |
| 6.9.5 | Rainbow |
| 6.10 | Photons |
| 6.10.1 | Overview |
| 6.10.1.1 | Examples |
| 6.10.2 | Using Photon Mapping in Your Scene |
| 6.10.2.1 | Photon Global Settings |
| 6.10.2.2 | Shooting Photons at an Object |
| 6.10.2.3 | Photons and Light Sources |
| 6.10.2.4 | Photons and Media |
| 6.10.3 | Photons FAQ |
| 6.10.4 | Photon Tips |
| 6.10.5 | Advanced Techniques |
| 6.10.5.1 | Autostop |
| 6.10.5.2 | Adaptive Search Radius |
| 6.10.5.3 | Photons and Dispersion |
| 6.10.5.4 | Saving and Loading Photon Maps |
| 6.11 | Global Settings |
| 6.11.1 | ADC_Bailout |
| 6.11.2 | Ambient_Light |
| 6.11.3 | Assumed_Gamma |
| 6.11.3.1 | Monitor Gamma |
| 6.11.3.2 | Image File Gamma |
| 6.11.3.3 | Scene File Gamma |
| 6.11.4 | HF_Gray_16 |
| 6.11.5 | Irid_Wavelength |
| 6.11.6 | Charset |
| 6.11.7 | Max_Trace_Level |
| 6.11.8 | Max_Intersections |
| 6.11.9 | Number_Of_Waves |
| 6.11.10 | Noise_generator |
| 6.11.11 | Radiosity |
| 6.11.11.1 | How Radiosity Works |
| 6.11.11.2 | Adjusting Radiosity |
| 6.11.11.2.1 | radiosity adc_bailout |
| 6.11.11.2.2 | always_sample |
| 6.11.11.2.3 | brightness |
| 6.11.11.2.4 | count |
| 6.11.11.2.5 | error_bound |
| 6.11.11.2.6 | gray_threshold |
| 6.11.11.2.7 | low_error_factor |
| 6.11.11.2.8 | max_sample |
| 6.11.11.2.9 | Media and Radiosity |
| 6.11.11.2.10 | minimum_reuse |
| 6.11.11.2.11 | nearest_count |
| 6.11.11.2.12 | Normal and Radiosity |
| 6.11.11.2.13 | Pretrace |
| 6.11.11.2.14 | recursion_limit |
| 6.11.11.2.15 | Save and load radiosity data |
| 6.11.11.3 | Tips on Radiosity |
| 7.0 | Standard Include Files |
| 7.1 | arrays.inc |
| 7.2 | chars.inc |
| 7.3 | colors.inc |
| 7.3.1 | Predefined colors |
| 7.3.2 | Color macros |
| 7.4 | consts.inc |
| 7.4.1 | Vector constants |
| 7.4.2 | Map type constants |
| 7.4.3 | Interpolation type constants |
| 7.4.4 | Fog type constants |
| 7.4.5 | Focal blur hexgrid constants |
| 7.4.6 | IORs |
| 7.4.7 | Disperion amounts |
| 7.4.8 | Scattering media type constants |
| 7.5 | debug.inc |
| 7.6 | finish.inc |
| 7.7 | functions.inc |
| 7.7.1 | Common Parameters |
| 7.7.1.1 | Field Strength |
| 7.7.1.2 | Field Limit |
| 7.7.1.3 | SOR Switch |
| 7.7.1.4 | SOR Offset |
| 7.7.1.5 | SOR Angle |
| 7.7.1.6 | Invert Isosurface |
| 7.7.2 | Internal Functions |
| 7.7.3 | Pre defined functions |
| 7.7.3.1 | Pattern functions |
| 7.8 | glass.inc |
| 7.8.1 | Glass colors (with transparency) |
| 7.8.2 | Glass colors (without transparency, for fade_color) |
| 7.8.3 | Glass finishes |
| 7.8.4 | Glass interiors: |
| 7.8.5 | Glass interior macros |
| 7.9 | glass_old.inc |
| 7.9.1 | Glass finishes |
| 7.9.2 | Glass textures |
| 7.10 | math.inc |
| 7.10.1 | Float functions and macros |
| 7.10.2 | Vector functions and macros |
| 7.10.3 | Vector Analysis |
| 7.11 | metals.inc, golds.inc |
| 7.11.1 | metals.inc |
| 7.11.2 | golds.inc |
| 7.12 | rand.inc |
| 7.12.1 | Generation macros (flat distribution) |
| 7.12.2 | Generation macros (other distributions) |
| 7.12.2.1 | Continuous Symmetric Distributions |
| 7.12.2.2 | Continuous Skewed Distributions |
| 7.12.2.3 | Discrete Distributions |
| 7.13 | shapes.inc, shapes_old.inc, shapes2.inc, shapesq.inc |
| 7.13.1 | shapes.inc |
| 7.13.1.1 | The HF Macros |
| 7.13.2 | shapes_old.inc |
| 7.13.3 | shapes2.inc |
| 7.13.4 | shapesq.inc |
| 7.14 | skies.inc, stars.inc |
| 7.14.1 | skies.inc |
| 7.14.2 | stars.inc |
| 7.15 | stones.inc, stones1.inc, stones2.inc, stoneold.inc |
| 7.15.1 | stones1.inc |
| 7.15.2 | stones2.inc |
| 7.16 | stdinc.inc |
| 7.17 | strings.inc |
| 7.18 | textures.inc |
| 7.18.1 | Stones: |
| 7.18.2 | Skies: |
| 7.18.3 | Woods: |
| 7.18.4 | Glass: |
| 7.18.5 | Metals: |
| 7.18.6 | Special textures: |
| 7.18.7 | Texture and pattern macros: |
| 7.19 | transforms.inc |
| 7.20 | woodmaps.inc, woods.inc |
| 7.20.1 | woodmaps.inc |
| 7.20.2 | woods.inc |
| 7.21 | Other files |
| 7.21.1 | logo.inc |
| 7.21.2 | rad_def.inc |
| 7.21.3 | screen.inc |
| 7.21.4 | stdcam.inc |
| 7.21.5 | stage1.inc |
| 7.21.6 | sunpos.inc |
| 7.21.7 | font files (*.ttf) |
| 7.21.8 | color_map files (*.map) |
| 7.21.9 | image files (*.png, *.pot, *.df3) |
| 8.0 | Appendices |
| 8.1 | POV-Ray Legal Document |
| 8.2 | The POV-Team |
| 8.2.1 | Contacting the Authors |
| 8.2.2 | The TAG |
| 8.2.3 | POV-Ray 3.5 Development |
| 8.3 | What to do if you don't have POV-Ray |
| 8.3.1 | Which Version of POV-Ray should you use? |
| 8.3.1.1 | Microsoft Windows 9x/NT/2000 |
| 8.3.1.2 | Linux for Intel x86 |
| 8.3.1.3 | Apple Macintosh |
| 8.3.1.4 | Generic Unix |
| 8.3.1.5 | All Versions |
| 8.3.2 | Where to Find POV-Ray Files |
| 8.3.2.1 | World Wide Website www.povray.org |
| 8.3.2.2 | Books, Magazines and CD-ROMs |
| 8.4 | Suggested Reading |
| 9.0 | POV-Ray Questions and Tips |
| 9.1 | Language |
| 9.1.1 | Tips and tricks to achieve useful things |
| 9.1.1.1 | How do I make a visible light source? |
| 9.1.1.2 | How do I make bright objects? |
| 9.1.1.3 | How do I move the camera in a circular path? |
| 9.1.1.4 | How do I use an image to texture my object? |
| 9.1.1.5 | How can I generate a spline? |
| 9.1.1.6 | How can I simulate motion blur? |
| 9.1.1.7 | How can I find the size of a text object? |
| 9.1.1.8 | How do I make extruded text? |
| 9.1.1.9 | How do I make an object hollow? |
| 9.1.1.10 | How can I fill a glass with water or other objects? |
| 9.1.1.11 | How can I bend a object? |
| 9.1.1.12 | Can I get non-grainy focal blur? |
| 9.1.2 | Things that don't work as one expects |
| 9.1.2.1 | Using several transparent objects makes them black? |
| 9.1.2.2 | I'm getting color banding in the image. |
| 9.1.2.3 | Rotation behaves very strangely. |
| 9.1.2.4 | The image gets distorted when rendering a square image. |
| 9.1.2.5 | Why are there strange dark pixels or noise on my CSG object? |
| 9.1.2.6 | Why won't the textures in stars.inc work with my sky_sphere? |
| 9.1.2.7 | When I use filter or transmit with my .tga image map nothing happens. |
| 9.1.2.8 | Isosurface not rendering properly? |
| 9.1.3 | Other related things |
| 9.1.3.1 | How do I turn animation on? |
| 9.1.3.2 | Can POV-Ray use multiple processors? |
| 9.1.3.3 | Can I get a wireframe render of my scene? |
| 9.1.3.4 | Can I specify variable IOR for an object? |
| 9.1.3.5 | What is Photon Mapping? |
| 9.2 | File Formats |
| 9.2.1 | Saving the image to disk. |
| 9.2.2 | Can I convert my POV-Ray scenes to another format? |
| 9.2.3 | How can I convert my scenes from format X to POV-Ray format? |
| 9.2.4 | How do I import all of my textures I created in 3DS Max into POV-Ray? |
| 9.2.5 | How can I avoid artifacts and still get good JPEG compression? |
| 9.2.6 | Why are there no converters from POV to other formats? |
| 9.2.7 | Why are triangle meshes in ASCII format? |
| 9.3 | Utilities, models, etc. |
| 9.3.1 | What is the best animation program available? |
| 9.3.2 | Creating/viewing MPEG-files. |
| 9.3.3 | Where can I find models/textures? |
| 9.3.4 | What are the best modellers for POV-Ray? |
| 9.3.5 | Any POV-Ray modellers for Mac? |
| 9.3.6 | Is there any user gallery of POV-Ray images? |
| 9.3.7 | Any good heightfield modellers? |
| 9.3.8 | Any easy way of creating trees? |
| 9.4 | Rendering speed |
| 9.4.1 | Will POV-Ray render faster with a 3D card? |
| 9.4.2 | How do I increase rendering speed? |
| 9.4.3 | CSG speed. |
| 9.4.4 | Does POV-Ray support 3DNow? |
| 9.5 | Miscellaneous questions |
| 9.5.1 | Suggesting new features. |
| 9.5.2 | I'm getting a "Illegal grid value in dda_traversal()". |
| 9.5.3 | No beep when finished? |
| 9.5.4 | POV-Ray viruses? |
| 9.5.5 | GUI for Unix POV-Ray? |
| 9.6 | Moray questions. |
| 9.6.1 | Changing handedness? |
| 9.6.2 | Moray objects get mirrored in POV-Ray. |
| 9.6.3 | Importing POV-Ray files. |
| 9.6.4 | How do Moray UDOs work? |
| 9.7 | While-loop tutorial |
| 9.7.1 | What a while-loop is and what it is not |
| 9.7.2 | How does a single while-loop work? |
| 9.7.3 | How do I make a while-loop? |
| 9.7.4 | What is a condition and how do I make one? |
| 9.7.5 | What about loop types other than simple for-loops? |
| 9.7.6 | What about nested loops? |
| 9.7.7 | Mixed-type nested loops |
| 9.7.8 | Other things to note |
| 9.8 | The shadow line artifact |
| 9.8.1 | What is the problem? |
| 9.8.2 | What causes the problem? |
| 9.8.3 | Can this problem be solved? |
| 9.8.4 | Possible solutions? |
| 9.9 | Smooth triangle artifact |
| 9.9.1 | What is the problem? |
| 9.9.2 | What causes the problem? |
| 9.9.3 | Can this problem be solved? |
| 10.0 | Quick References |
| 10.1 | SDL Quick Reference |
| 10.1.1 | Quick Reference Contents |
| 10.1.2 | The Scene |
| 10.1.3 | Language Basics |
| 10.1.3.1 | Floats |
| 10.1.3.2 | Vectors |
| 10.1.3.3 | Colors |
| 10.1.3.4 | User defined Functions |
| 10.1.3.5 | Strings |
| 10.1.3.6 | Arrays |
| 10.1.3.7 | Splines |
| 10.1.4 | Language Directives |
| 10.1.4.1 | File Inclusion |
| 10.1.4.2 | Identifier Declaration |
| 10.1.4.3 | File Input/Output |
| 10.1.4.4 | Default Texture |
| 10.1.4.5 | Version Identfier |
| 10.1.4.6 | Conditional Directives |
| 10.1.4.7 | Message Streams |
| 10.1.4.8 | Macro |
| 10.1.4.9 | Embedded Directives |
| 10.1.5 | Transformations |
| 10.1.6 | Camera |
| 10.1.7 | Lights |
| 10.1.7.1 | Lightgroup |
| 10.1.8 | Objects |
| 10.1.8.1 | Finite Solid Objects |
| 10.1.8.2 | Finite Patch Objects |
| 10.1.8.3 | Infinite Solid Objects |
| 10.1.8.4 | Isosurface |
| 10.1.8.5 | Parametric |
| 10.1.8.6 | CSG |
| 10.1.9 | Object Modifiers |
| 10.1.9.1 | UV Mapping |
| 10.1.9.2 | Material |
| 10.1.9.3 | Interior |
| 10.1.9.4 | Interior Texture |
| 10.1.10 | Texture |
| 10.1.10.1 | Plain Texture |
| 10.1.10.2 | Layered Texture |
| 10.1.10.3 | Patterned Texture |
| 10.1.10.4 | Pigment |
| 10.1.10.5 | Normal |
| 10.1.10.6 | Finish |
| 10.1.10.7 | Pattern |
| 10.1.10.8 | Pattern Modifiers |
| 10.1.11 | Media |
| 10.1.12 | Atmospheric Effects |
| 10.1.12.1 | Background |
| 10.1.12.2 | Fog |
| 10.1.12.3 | Sky Sphere |
| 10.1.12.4 | Rainbow |
| 10.1.13 | Global Settings |
| 10.1.13.1 | Radiosity |
| 10.1.13.2 | Photons |
| 11.0 | POV-Ray CDROM's and Accessories |
| 11.1 | The POV-Ray 10th Anniversary Commemorative Keyring |
| 11.2 | The IRTC CDROM's |
| 11.2.1 | The IRTC CDROM (Year Four) |
| 11.2.2 | The IRTC CDROM (Year Three) |
| 11.2.3 | The IRTC CDROM (Year Two) |
| 11.2.4 | The IRTC CDROM (Year One) |