The Mercury Frequently Asked Questions List

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Common programming errors

What does the error message "undefined symbol `'.'/2'" mean?
You need to explicitly import the `list' module
```
:- import_module list.
```
if your code uses lists. Similarly, if your code uses arithmetic operations, you will need to import the `int' and possibly `float' modules.
Why doesn't `X <= 3' work?
In Mercury, less-than-or-equal-to is written as `=<' not as `<=', which is used for reverse implication.
I defined a type like this: `:- type number ---> int ; float.' Why doesn't this work?
You tried to define a type that is an undiscriminated union of two types, which is not allowed by the Mercury type system. The declaration above defines an enumerated type with two constants, "int" and "float''. This is not what you want, but it is legal Mercury, which is why you don't get an error message on the type declaration itself.
I get a "scope error" in an if-then-else. I checked and both branches bind the same variables. What is the error?
This error generally happens if you attempt bind non-local variables in the condition of the if-then-else. For example, the following code attempts to bind `Value' in the call to `map__search', but `Value' occurs outside of the if-then-else -- in particular, it occurs in the head of the clause.
```
:- pred map__search(map(K, V), K, V).
:- mode map__search(in, in, out) is semidet.

:- pred lookup(map(string, int), string, int).
:- mode lookup(in, in, out) is det.

lookup(Map, Key, Value) :-
        (if map__search(Map, Key, Value) then
                true
        else
                Value = -1
        ).
```
Binding non-local variables in the condition of an if-then-else is forbidden since it would be unsound; it would lead to inconsistent results. For example, `(X = 1 -> Y = 1 ; Y = 2), X = 2' would fail, but `X = 2, (X = 1 -> Y = 1 ; Y = 2)' would succeed -- breaking one of the fundamental laws of logic, `(P, Q) <=> (Q, P)'. Mode analysis therefore rejects such programs. (In certain rare circumstances, the compiler may report this as a "mode error" rather than a "scope error''.) The way to fix such errors is to avoid binding non-local variables in the condition, and instead bind them in the then part of the if-then-else. So in the above example, you should introduce a new local variable, which we will call `Value1':
```
lookup(Map, Key, Value) :-
        (if some [Value1]
                map__search(Map, Key, Value1)
        then
                Value = Value1
        ;
                Value = -1
        ).
```
The explicit existential quantifier is optional; if you prefer a slightly more succinct style you can write this as
```
lookup(Map, Key, Value) :-
        ( map__search(Map, Key, Value1) ->
                Value = Value1
        ;
                Value = -1
        ).
```
"I keep getting a link error `undefined symbol init_gc'. Why?"
If you are using `mmake' to recompile your program, and you are overriding the default grade (e.g. by setting `GRADE=asm_fast' in your `Mmake' file), you must make sure that you do `mmake clean' every time you change grades.

Problems caused by unimplemented Mercury features

How can I avoid getting a compile-time error when I try to fill in a partially instantiated data structure?
At the moment, you can create a partially instantiated data structure, but you can't fill in the holes. The reason is that the code that does the filling in must temporarily alias two variables together, and the current mode checker does not allow this. This limitation will go away in the future.
I'm getting an error from the C compiler:
```
foo.c:45: initializer is not computable at load time
```
You're using an old version of `gcc'. Check that the version of `gcc' in your PATH is version 2.6.3 or later. Mercury does not (at the current time) support versions of gcc earlier than 2.6.3. (Using the `--no-static-ground-terms' option may also solve this problem, but results in less efficient code.)

What to do when all else fails

I'm getting an error message that I don't understand. What can I do?
Try compiling with the `-E' (`--verbose-error-messages') option. This option causes the compiler to give even more verbose descriptions than usual.
I followed the instructions in the user's guide, but it still didn't work. What do I do next?
Send email to mercury-bugs@cs.mu.oz.au, and we'll try to solve your problem.