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Text
These snippets illustrate the Notation Reference, section Text.
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Adjusting lyrics vertical spacing
This snippet shows how to bring the lyrics line closer to the staff.
% Default layout: << \new Staff \new Voice = melody \relative c' { c4 d e f g4 f e d c1 } \new Lyrics \lyricsto melody { aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa } % Reducing the minimum space below the staff and above the lyrics: \new Staff \with { \override VerticalAxisGroup #'minimum-Y-extent = #'(-1 . 4) } \new Voice = melody \relative c' { c4 d e f g4 f e d c1 } \new Lyrics \with { \override VerticalAxisGroup #'minimum-Y-extent = #'(-1.2 . 1) } \lyricsto melody { aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa } >>
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Aligning and centering instrument names
The horizontal alignment of instrument names is tweaked
by changing the Staff.InstrumentName #'self-alignment-X
property.
The \layout
variables indent
and short-indent
define the space in which the instrument names are aligned before the
first and the following systems, respectively.
\paper { left-margin = 3\cm } \score { \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { \override Staff.InstrumentName #'self-alignment-X = #LEFT \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup \left-column { "Left aligned" "instrument name" } \set Staff.shortInstrumentName = #"Left" c''1 \break c''1 } \new Staff { \override Staff.InstrumentName #'self-alignment-X = #CENTER \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup \center-column { Centered "instrument name" } \set Staff.shortInstrumentName = #"Centered" g'1 g'1 } \new Staff { \override Staff.InstrumentName #'self-alignment-X = #RIGHT \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup \right-column { "Right aligned" "instrument name" } \set Staff.shortInstrumentName = #"Right" e'1 e'1 } >> \layout { ragged-right = ##t indent = 4\cm short-indent = 2\cm } }
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Aligning marks with various notation objects
If specified, text marks may be aligned with notation
objects other than bar lines. These objects include ambitus
,
breathing-sign
, clef
, custos
, staff-bar
,
left-edge
, key-cancellation
, key-signature
, and
time-signature
.
In such cases, text marks will be horizontally centered above the object. However this can be changed, as demonstrated on the second line of this example (in a score with multiple staves, this setting should be done for all the staves).
\relative c' { e1 % the RehearsalMark will be centered above the Clef \override Score.RehearsalMark #'break-align-symbols = #'(clef) \key a \major \clef treble \mark "↓" e1 % the RehearsalMark will be centered above the TimeSignature \override Score.RehearsalMark #'break-align-symbols = #'(time-signature) \key a \major \clef treble \time 3/4 \mark "↓" e2. % the RehearsalMark will be centered above the KeySignature \override Score.RehearsalMark #'break-align-symbols = #'(key-signature) \key a \major \clef treble \time 4/4 \mark "↓" e1 \break e1 % the RehearsalMark will be aligned with the left edge of the KeySignature \once \override Score.KeySignature #'break-align-anchor-alignment = #LEFT \mark "↓" \key a \major e1 % the RehearsalMark will be aligned with the right edge of the KeySignature \once \override Score.KeySignature #'break-align-anchor-alignment = #RIGHT \key a \major \mark "↓" e1 % the RehearsalMark will be aligned with the left edge of the KeySignature % and then shifted right by one unit. \once \override Score.KeySignature #'break-align-anchor = #1 \key a \major \mark "↓" e1 }
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Blanking staff lines using the \whiteout command
The \whiteout
command underlays a markup with a white box.
Since staff lines are in a lower layer than most other grobs, this
white box will not overlap any other grob.
\layout { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c' { \override TextScript #'extra-offset = #'(2 . 4) c2-\markup { \whiteout \pad-markup #0.5 "middle C" } c }
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Center text below hairpin dynamics
This example provides a function to typeset a hairpin (de)crescendo with some additional text below it, such as "molto" or "poco". The example also illustrates how to modify the way an object is normally printed, using some Scheme code.
hairpinWithCenteredText = #(define-music-function (parser location text) (markup?) #{ \override Voice.Hairpin #'stencil = #(lambda (grob) (ly:stencil-aligned-to (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge (ly:stencil-aligned-to (ly:hairpin::print grob) X CENTER) Y DOWN (ly:stencil-aligned-to (grob-interpret-markup grob $text) X CENTER)) X LEFT)) #}) hairpinMolto = \hairpinWithCenteredText \markup { \italic molto } hairpinMore = \hairpinWithCenteredText \markup { \larger moltissimo } \layout { ragged-right = ##f } { \hairpinMolto c'2\< c'\f \hairpinMore c'2\< c'\f }
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Changing the default text font family
The default font families for text can be overridden with
make-pango-font-tree
.
\paper { % change for other default global staff size. myStaffSize = #20 %{ run lilypond -dshow-available-fonts blabla to show all fonts available in the process log. %} #(define fonts (make-pango-font-tree "Times New Roman" "Nimbus Sans" "Luxi Mono" ;; "Helvetica" ;; "Courier" (/ myStaffSize 20))) } \relative c'' { c4^\markup { roman: foo \bold bla \italic bar \italic \bold baz } c'4_\markup { \override #'(font-family . sans) { sans: foo \bold bla \italic bar \italic \bold baz } } c'2^\markup { \override #'(font-family . typewriter) { mono: foo \bold bla \italic bar \italic \bold baz } } }
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Combining dynamics with markup texts
Some dynamics may involve text indications (such as "più forte" or
"piano subito"). They can be produced using a \markup
block.
piuF = \markup { \italic più \dynamic f } \layout { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c'' { c2\f c-\piuF }
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Combining two parts on the same staff
The part combiner tool ( \partcombine
command ) allows the
combination of several different parts on the same staff. Text
directions such as "solo" or "a2" are added by default; to remove
them, simply set the property printPartCombineTexts
to
"false". For vocal scores (hymns), there is no need to add
"solo"/"a2" texts, so they should be switched off. However, it
might be better not to use it if there are any solos, as they won’t be
indicated. In such cases, standard polyphonic notation may be
preferable.
This snippet presents the three ways two parts can be printed on a same
staff: standard polyphony, \partcombine
without texts, and
\partcombine
with texts.
musicUp = \relative c'' { \time 4/4 a4 c4.( g8) a4 | g4 e' g,( a8 b) | c b a2. } musicDown = \relative c'' { g4 e4.( d8) c4 | r2 g'4( f8 e) | d2 \stemDown a } \score { << << \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "Standard polyphony " << \musicUp \\ \musicDown >> } \new Staff \with { printPartCombineTexts = ##f } { \set Staff.instrumentName = "PartCombine without texts " \partcombine \musicUp \musicDown } \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "PartCombine with texts " \partcombine \musicUp \musicDown } >> >> \layout { indent = 6.0\cm \context { \Score \override SystemStartBar #'collapse-height = #30 } } }
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Creating "real" parenthesized dynamics
Although the easiest way to add parentheses to a dynamic mark is to use
a \markup
block, this method has a downside: the created
objects will behave like text markups, and not like dynamics.
However, it is possible to create a similar object using the equivalent
Scheme code (as described in "Markup programmer interface"), combined
with the make-dynamic-script
function. This way, the markup will
be regarded as a dynamic, and therefore will remain compatible with
commands such as \dynamicUp
or \dynamicDown
.
\paper { ragged-right = ##t } parenF = #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:line (#:normal-text #:italic #:fontsize 2 "(" #:hspace -0.8 #:dynamic "f" #:normal-text #:italic #:fontsize 2 ")" ))) \relative c'' { c4\parenF c c \dynamicUp c\parenF }
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Creating simultaneous rehearsal marks
Unlike text scripts, rehearsal marks cannot be stacked at a particular point
in a score: only one RehearsalMark
object is created. Using an
invisible measure and bar line, an extra rehearsal mark can be added, giving
the appearance of two marks in the same column.
This method may also prove useful for placing rehearsal marks at both the end of one system and the start of the following system.
{ \key a \major \set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-box-letters \once \override Score.RehearsalMark #'outside-staff-priority = #5000 \once \override Score.RehearsalMark #'self-alignment-X = #LEFT \once \override Score.RehearsalMark #'break-align-symbols = #'(key-signature) \mark \markup { \bold { Senza denti } } % the hidden measure and bar line \once \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \time 1/16 s16 \bar "" \time 4/4 \once \override Score.RehearsalMark #'self-alignment-X = #LEFT \once \override Score.RehearsalMark #'break-align-symbols = #'(bar-line) \mark \markup { \box \bold Intro } d'1 \mark \default d'1 }
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Creating text spanners
The \startTextSpan
and \stopTextSpan
commands allow the creation of text spanners as easily as pedal
indications or octavations. Override some properties of the
TextSpanner
object to modify its output.
\paper { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c'' { \override TextSpanner #'(bound-details left text) = #"bla" \override TextSpanner #'(bound-details right text) = #"blu" a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan \override TextSpanner #'style = #'line \once \override TextSpanner #'(bound-details left stencil-align-dir-y) = #CENTER a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan \override TextSpanner #'style = #'dashed-line \override TextSpanner #'(bound-details left text) = \markup { \draw-line #'(0 . 1) } \override TextSpanner #'(bound-details right text) = \markup { \draw-line #'(0 . -2) } \once \override TextSpanner #'(bound-details right padding) = #-2 a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan \set Staff.middleCPosition = #-13 \override TextSpanner #'dash-period = #10 \override TextSpanner #'dash-fraction = #0.5 \override TextSpanner #'thickness = #10 a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan }
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Demonstrating all headers
All header fields with special meanings.
\header { copyright = "copyright" title = "title" subtitle = "subtitle" composer = "composer" arranger = "arranger" instrument = "instrument" metre = "metre" opus = "opus" piece = "piece" poet = "poet" texidoc = "All header fields with special meanings." copyright = "public domain" enteredby = "jcn" source = "urtext" } \layout { ragged-right = ##f } \score { \relative c'' { c1 | c | c | c } } \score { \relative c'' { c1 | c | c | c } \header { title = "localtitle" subtitle = "localsubtitle" composer = "localcomposer" arranger = "localarranger" instrument = "localinstrument" metre = "localmetre" opus = "localopus" piece = "localpiece" poet = "localpoet" copyright = "localcopyright" } }
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Embedding native PostScript in a \markup block
PostScript code can be directly inserted inside a \markup
block.
% PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Inc. \relative c'' { a4-\markup { \postscript #"3 4 moveto 5 3 rlineto stroke" } -\markup { \postscript #"[ 0 1 ] 0 setdash 3 5 moveto 5 -3 rlineto stroke " } b4-\markup { \postscript #"3 4 moveto 0 0 1 2 8 4 20 3.5 rcurveto stroke" } s2 a'1 }
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Formatting lyrics syllables
To format individual syllables in lyrics, use \markup { ....
}
on these lyrics.
% Tip taken from http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/lilypond-user/2007-12/msg00215.html \header { title = "Markup can be used inside lyrics!" } mel = \relative c'' { c4 c c c } lyr = \lyricmode { Lyrics \markup { \italic "can" } \markup {\with-color #red "contain" } \markup {\fontsize #8 \bold "Markup!" } } << \context Voice = melody \mel \context Lyrics \lyricsto melody \lyr >>
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How to put ties between syllables in lyrics
This can be achieved by separating those syllables by tildes.
\lyrics { wa~o~a }
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Lyrics alignment
Horizontal alignment for lyrics cam be set by overriding the
self-alignment-X
property of the LyricText
object.
#-1
is left, #0
is center and #1
is right;
however, you can use #LEFT
, #CENTER
and #RIGHT
as
well.
\layout { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c'' { c1 c1 c1 } \addlyrics { \once \override LyricText #'self-alignment-X = #LEFT "This is left-aligned" \once \override LyricText #'self-alignment-X = #CENTER "This is centered" \once \override LyricText #'self-alignment-X = #1 "This is right-aligned" }
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Markup lines
Text that can spread over pages is entered with the
\markuplines
command.
#(set-default-paper-size "a6") #(define-markup-list-command (paragraph layout props args) (markup-list?) (interpret-markup-list layout props (make-justified-lines-markup-list (cons (make-hspace-markup 2) args)))) % Candide, Voltaire \markuplines { \override-lines #'(baseline-skip . 2.5) { \paragraph { Il y avait en Westphalie, dans le château de M. le baron de Thunder-ten-tronckh, un jeune garçon à qui la nature avait donné les mœurs les plus douces. Sa physionomie annonçait son âme. Il avait le jugement assez droit, avec l'esprit le plus simple ; c'est, je crois, pour cette raison qu'on le nommait Candide. Les anciens domestiques de la maison soupçonnaient qu'il était fils de la sœur de monsieur le baron et d'un bon et honnête gentilhomme du voisinage, que cette demoiselle ne voulut jamais épouser parce qu'il n'avait pu prouver que soixante et onze quartiers, et que le reste de son arbre généalogique avait été perdu par l'injure du temps. } \paragraph { Monsieur le baron était un des plus puissants seigneurs de la Westphalie, car son château avait une porte et des fenêtres. Sa grande salle même était ornée d'une tapisserie. Tous les chiens de ses basses-cours composaient une meute dans le besoin ; ses palefreniers étaient ses piqueurs; le vicaire du village était son grand-aumônier. Ils l'appelaient tous monseigneur, et ils riaient quand il faisait des contes. } } }
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Multi-measure rest markup
Markups attached to a multi-measure rest will be centered above or below it. Long markups attached to multi-measure rests do not cause the measure to expand. To expand a multi-measure rest to fit the markup, use a spacer rest with an attached markup before the multi-measure rest.
Note that the spacer rest causes a bar line to be inserted. Text attached to a spacer rest in this way is left-aligned to the position where the note would be placed in the measure, but if the measure length is determined by the length of the text, the text will appear to be centered.
\relative c' { \compressFullBarRests \textLengthOn s1*0^\markup { [MAJOR GENERAL] } R1*19 s1*0_\markup { \italic { Cue: ... it is yours } } s1*0^\markup { A } R1*30^\markup { [MABEL] } \textLengthOff c4^\markup { CHORUS } d f c }
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Ottava text
Internally, \ottava
sets the properties ottavation
(for example, to "8va"
or "8vb"
) and
middleCPosition
. To override the text of the bracket, set
ottavation
after invoking \ottava
.
{ \ottava #1 \set Staff.ottavation = #"8" c''1 \ottava #0 c'1 \ottava #1 \set Staff.ottavation = #"Text" c''1 }
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Outputting the version number
By putting the output of lilypond-version
into lyrics or a
text markup, it is possible to print the version number of LilyPond in
a score, or in a document generated with lilypond-book
.
\score { \new Lyrics { \override Score.RehearsalMark #'self-alignment-X = #LEFT \mark #(ly:export (string-append "Processed with LilyPond version " (lilypond-version))) s2 } }
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Piano template with centered lyrics
Instead of having a full staff for the melody and lyrics, lyrics can be centered between the staves of a piano staff.
upper = \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a4 b c d } lower = \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 a2 c } text = \lyricmode { Aaa Bee Cee Dee } \score { \new GrandStaff << \new Staff = upper { \new Voice = "singer" \upper } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "singer" \text \new Staff = lower { \lower } >> \layout { \context { \GrandStaff \accepts "Lyrics" } \context { \Lyrics \consists "Bar_engraver" } } \midi { } }
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Printing marks at the end of a line or a score
Marks can be printed at the end of the current line, instead of the beginning of the following line. This is particularly useful when a mark has to be added at the end of a score – when there is no next line.
In such cases, the right end of the mark has to be aligned with the final bar line, as demonstrated on the second line of this example.
\relative c'' { \override Score.RehearsalMark #'break-visibility = #begin-of-line-invisible g2 c d,2 a' \mark \default \break g2 b, c1 \bar "||" \override Score.RehearsalMark #'self-alignment-X = #RIGHT \mark "D.C. al Fine" }
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Printing marks on every staff
Although text marks are normally only printed above the topmost staff, they may also be printed on every staff.
\score { << \new Staff { c''1 \mark "molto" c'' } \new Staff { c'1 \mark "molto" c' } >> \layout { \context { \Score \remove "Mark_engraver" \remove "Staff_collecting_engraver" } \context { \Staff \consists "Mark_engraver" \consists "Staff_collecting_engraver" } } }
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Stand-alone two-column markup
Stand-alone text may be arranged in several columns using
\markup
commands:
\markup { \fill-line { \hspace #1.0 \column { \line {"O sacrum convivium" } \line {"in quo Christus sumitur," } \line {"recolitur memoria passionis ejus," } \line {"mens impletur gratia," } \line {"futurae gloriae nobis pignus datur." } \line {"Amen."} } \hspace #2 \column { \line { \italic {"O sacred feast"} } \line { \italic {"in which Christ is received,"} } \line { \italic {"the memory of His Passion is renewed,"} } \line { \italic {"the mind is filled with grace," } } \line { \italic {"and a pledge of future glory is given to us." }} \line { \italic {"Amen."}} } \hspace #1.0 } }
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Three-sided box
This example shows how to add a markup command to get a three sided box around some text (or other markup).
% New command to add a three sided box, with sides north, west and south % Based on the box-stencil command defined in scm/stencil.scm % Note that ";" is used to comment a line in Scheme #(define-public (NWS-box-stencil stencil thickness padding) "Add a box around STENCIL, producing a new stencil." (let* ((x-ext (interval-widen (ly:stencil-extent stencil 0) padding)) (y-ext (interval-widen (ly:stencil-extent stencil 1) padding)) (y-rule (make-filled-box-stencil (cons 0 thickness) y-ext)) (x-rule (make-filled-box-stencil (interval-widen x-ext thickness) (cons 0 thickness)))) ; (set! stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge stencil X 1 y-rule padding)) (set! stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge stencil X -1 y-rule padding)) (set! stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge stencil Y 1 x-rule 0.0)) (set! stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge stencil Y -1 x-rule 0.0)) stencil)) % The corresponding markup command, based on the \box command defined % in scm/define-markup-commands.scm #(define-markup-command (NWS-box layout props arg) (markup?) "Draw a box round @var{arg}. Looks at @code{thickness}, @code{box-padding} and @code{font-size} properties to determine line thickness and padding around the markup." (let* ((th (chain-assoc-get 'thickness props 0.1)) (size (chain-assoc-get 'font-size props 0)) (pad (* (magstep size) (chain-assoc-get 'box-padding props 0.2))) (m (interpret-markup layout props arg))) (NWS-box-stencil m th pad))) % Test it: \layout { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c' { c2^\markup { \NWS-box ABCD } c2^\markup { \NWS-box \note #"4" #1.0 } }
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UTF-8
Various scripts may be used for texts (like titles and lyrics) by entering them in UTF-8 encoding, and using a Pango based backend. Depending on the fonts installed, this fragment will render Bulgarian (Cyrillic), Hebrew, Japanese and Portuguese.
% end verbatim - this comment is a hack to prevent texinfo.tex % from choking on non-European UTF-8 subsets % Cyrillic font bulgarian = \lyricmode { Жълтата дюля беше щастлива, че пухът, който цъфна, замръзна като гьон. } hebrew = \lyricmode { זה כיף סתם לשמוע איך תנצח קרפד עץ טוב בגן. } japanese = \lyricmode { いろはにほへど ちりぬるを わがよたれぞ つねならむ うゐのおくや まけふこえて あさきゆめみじ ゑひもせず } % "a legal song to you" portuguese = \lyricmode { à vo -- cê uma can -- ção legal } \relative c' { c2 d e2 f g2 f e1 } \addlyrics { \bulgarian } \addlyrics { \hebrew } \addlyrics { \japanese } \addlyrics { \portuguese }
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Vocal ensemble template with lyrics aligned below and above the staves
This template is basically the same as the simple "Vocal ensemble"
template, with the exception that here all the lyrics lines are placed
using alignAboveContext
and alignBelowContext
.
global = { \key c \major \time 4/4 } sopMusic = \relative c'' { c4 c c8[( b)] c4 } sopWords = \lyricmode { hi hi hi hi } altoMusic = \relative c' { e4 f d e } altoWords = \lyricmode { ha ha ha ha } tenorMusic = \relative c' { g4 a f g } tenorWords = \lyricmode { hu hu hu hu } bassMusic = \relative c { c4 c g c } bassWords = \lyricmode { ho ho ho ho } \score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff = women << \new Voice = "sopranos" { \voiceOne << \global \sopMusic >> } \new Voice = "altos" { \voiceTwo << \global \altoMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics \with { alignAboveContext = women } \lyricsto sopranos \sopWords \new Lyrics \with { alignBelowContext = women } \lyricsto altos \altoWords % we could remove the line about this with the line below, since we want % the alto lyrics to be below the alto Voice anyway. % \new Lyrics \lyricsto altos \altoWords \new Staff = men << \clef bass \new Voice = "tenors" { \voiceOne << \global \tenorMusic >> } \new Voice = "basses" { \voiceTwo << \global \bassMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics \with { alignAboveContext = men } \lyricsto tenors \tenorWords \new Lyrics \with { alignBelowContext = men } \lyricsto basses \bassWords % again, we could replace the line above this with the line below. % \new Lyrics \lyricsto basses \bassWords >> \layout { \context { % a little smaller so lyrics % can be closer to the staff \Staff \override VerticalAxisGroup #'minimum-Y-extent = #'(-3 . 3) } } }
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