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1.4.1 Long repeats
This section discusses how to input long (usually multi-measure) repeats. The repeats can take two forms: repeats enclosed between repeat signs; or written out repeats, used to input repetitious music. Repeat signs can also be controlled manually.
Normal repeats | ||
Manual repeat marks | ||
Written-out repeats |
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Normal repeats
The syntax for a normal repeat is
\repeat volta repeatcount musicexpr
where musicexpr is a music expression. Alternate endings can be
produced using \alternative
. In order to delimit the alternate
endings, the group of alternatives must be enclosed in a set of
braces. If there are more repeats than there are alternate endings,
the earliest repeats are given the first alternative.
Normal repeats without alternate endings:
\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f } c2 d \repeat volta 2 { d4 e f g }
Normal repeats with alternate endings:
\repeat volta 4 { c4 d e f } \alternative { { d2 e } { f2 g } } c1
Repeats with upbeats can be entered in two ways:
\partial 4 e | \repeat volta 4 { c2 d | e2 f | } \alternative { { g4 g g e } { a4 a a a | b2. } }
or
\partial 4 \repeat volta 4 { e4 | c2 d | e2 f | } \alternative { { \partial 4*3 g4 g g } { a4 a a a | b2. } }
Ties may be added to a second ending:
c1 \repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f ~ } \alternative { { f2 d } { f2\repeatTie f, } }
Selected Snippets
Shortening volta brackets
By default, the volta brackets will be drawn over all of the
alternative music, but it is possible to shorten them by setting
voltaSpannerDuration
. In the next example, the bracket only
lasts one measure, which is a duration of 3/4.
\relative c'' { \time 3/4 c4 c c \set Score.voltaSpannerDuration = #(ly:make-moment 3 4) \repeat volta 5 { d4 d d } \alternative { { e4 e e f4 f f } { g4 g g } } }
Adding volta brackets to additional staves
The Volta_engraver
by default resides in the Score
context, and brackets for the repeat are thus normally only printed
over the topmost staff. This can be adjusted by adding the
Volta_engraver
to the Staff
context where the brackets
should appear; see also the "Volta multi staff" snippet.
<< \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } } \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } } \new Staff \with { \consists "Volta_engraver" } { c'2 g' e' a' } \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } } >>
See also
Music Glossary: repeat, volta.
Notation Reference: Bar lines, Modifying context plug-ins.
Snippets: Repeats.
Internals Reference: VoltaBracket, RepeatedMusic, VoltaRepeatedMusic, UnfoldedRepeatedMusic.
Known issues and warnings
A nested repeat like
\repeat … \repeat … \alternative
is ambiguous, since it is is not clear to which \repeat
the
\alternative
belongs. This ambiguity is resolved by always
having the \alternative
belong to the inner \repeat
.
For clarity, it is advisable to use braces in such situations.
Timing information is not remembered at the start of an alternative,
so after a repeat timing information must be reset by hand; for
example, by setting Score.measurePosition
or entering
\partial
. Similarly, slurs are also not repeated.
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Manual repeat marks
Note: These methods are only used for displaying unusual repeat
constructs, and may produce unexpected behavior. In most cases,
repeats should be created using the standard |
The property repeatCommands
can be used to control the
layout of repeats. Its value is a Scheme list of repeat commands.
-
start-repeat
Print a
|:
bar line.c1 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'(start-repeat) d4 e f g c1
As per standard engraving practice, repeat signs are not printed at the beginning of a piece.
-
end-repeat
Print a
:|
bar line:c1 d4 e f g \set Score.repeatCommands = #'(end-repeat) c1
-
(volta number) ... (volta #f)
Create a new volta with the specified number. The volta bracket must be explicitly terminated, or it will not be printed.
f4 g a b \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "2")) g4 a g a \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f)) c1
Multiple repeat commands may occur at the same point:
f4 g a b \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "2, 5") end-repeat) g4 a g a c1 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "95") end-repeat) b1 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f))
Text can be included with the volta bracket. The text can be a number or numbers or markup text, see Formatting text. The simplest way to use markup text is to define the markup first, then include the markup in a Scheme list.
voltaAdLib = \markup { 1. 2. 3... \text \italic { ad lib. } } \relative c'' { c1 \set Score.repeatCommands = #(list(list 'volta voltaAdLib) 'start-repeat) c4 b d e \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "4.") end-repeat) f1 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f)) }
Selected Snippets
Printing a repeat sign at the beginning of a piece
A |:
bar line can be printed at the beginning of a piece, by
overriding the relevant property:
\relative c'' { \once \override Score.BreakAlignment #'break-align-orders = #(make-vector 3 '(instrument-name left-edge ambitus span-bar breathing-sign clef key-signature time-signature staff-bar custos span-bar)) \bar "|:" c1 d1 d4 e f g }
See also
Notation Reference: Bar lines, Formatting text.
Snippets: Repeats.
Internals Reference: VoltaBracket, RepeatedMusic, VoltaRepeatedMusic.
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Written-out repeats
By using the unfold
command, repeats can be used to simplify
the writing out of repetitious music. The syntax is
\repeat unfold repeatcount musicexpr
where musicexpr is a music expression and repeatcount is the number of times musicexpr is repeated.
c1 \repeat unfold 2 { c4 d e f } c1
Unfold repeats can be made with alternate endings. If there are more repeats than there are alternate endings, the first alternative ending is applied to the earliest endings.
c1 \repeat unfold 2 { g4 f e d } \alternative { { cis2 g' } { cis,2 b } } c1
See also
Snippets: Repeats.
Internals Reference: RepeatedMusic, UnfoldedRepeatedMusic.
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