""" Tools for doing common subexpression elimination.
"""
import difflib
from sympy.core import Basic, Mul, Add, sympify
from sympy.core.basic import preorder_traversal
from sympy.core.function import _coeff_isneg
from sympy.core.compatibility import iterable
from sympy.utilities.iterables import numbered_symbols, \
sift, topological_sort, ordered
import cse_opts
# (preprocessor, postprocessor) pairs which are commonly useful. They should
# each take a sympy expression and return a possibly transformed expression.
# When used in the function ``cse()``, the target expressions will be transformed
# by each of the preprocessor functions in order. After the common
# subexpressions are eliminated, each resulting expression will have the
# postprocessor functions transform them in *reverse* order in order to undo the
# transformation if necessary. This allows the algorithm to operate on
# a representation of the expressions that allows for more optimization
# opportunities.
# ``None`` can be used to specify no transformation for either the preprocessor or
# postprocessor.
cse_optimizations = list(cse_opts.default_optimizations)
# sometimes we want the output in a different format; non-trivial
# transformations can be put here for users
# ===============================================================
def reps_toposort(r):
"""Sort replacements `r` so (k1, v1) appears before (k2, v2)
if k2 is in v1's free symbols. This orders items in the
way that cse returns its results (hence, in order to use the
replacements in a substitution option it would make sense
to reverse the order).
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.simplify.cse_main import reps_toposort
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y
>>> from sympy import Eq
>>> for l, r in reps_toposort([(x, y + 1), (y, 2)]):
... print Eq(l, r)
...
y == 2
x == y + 1
"""
r = sympify(r)
E = []
for c1, (k1, v1) in enumerate(r):
for c2, (k2, v2) in enumerate(r):
if k1 in v2.free_symbols:
E.append((c1, c2))
return [r[i] for i in topological_sort((range(len(r)), E))]
def cse_separate(r, e):
"""Move expressions that are in the form (symbol, expr) out of the
expressions and sort them into the replacements using the reps_toposort.
Examples
========
>>> from sympy.simplify.cse_main import cse_separate
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y, z
>>> from sympy import cos, exp, cse, Eq, symbols
>>> x0, x1 = symbols('x:2')
>>> eq = (x + 1 + exp((x + 1)/(y + 1)) + cos(y + 1))
>>> cse([eq, Eq(x, z + 1), z - 2], postprocess=cse_separate) in [
... [[(x0, y + 1), (x, z + 1), (x1, x + 1)],
... [x1 + exp(x1/x0) + cos(x0), z - 2]],
... [[(x1, y + 1), (x, z + 1), (x0, x + 1)],
... [x0 + exp(x0/x1) + cos(x1), z - 2]]]
...
True
"""
d = sift(e, lambda w: w.is_Equality and w.lhs.is_Symbol)
r = r + [w.args for w in d[True]]
e = d[False]
return [reps_toposort(r), e]
# ====end of cse postprocess idioms===========================
def preprocess_for_cse(expr, optimizations):
""" Preprocess an expression to optimize for common subexpression
elimination.
Parameters
----------
expr : sympy expression
The target expression to optimize.
optimizations : list of (callable, callable) pairs
The (preprocessor, postprocessor) pairs.
Returns
-------
expr : sympy expression
The transformed expression.
"""
for pre, post in optimizations:
if pre is not None:
expr = pre(expr)
return expr
def postprocess_for_cse(expr, optimizations):
""" Postprocess an expression after common subexpression elimination to
return the expression to canonical sympy form.
Parameters
----------
expr : sympy expression
The target expression to transform.
optimizations : list of (callable, callable) pairs, optional
The (preprocessor, postprocessor) pairs. The postprocessors will be
applied in reversed order to undo the effects of the preprocessors
correctly.
Returns
-------
expr : sympy expression
The transformed expression.
"""
if optimizations is None:
optimizations = cse_optimizations
for pre, post in reversed(optimizations):
if post is not None:
expr = post(expr)
return expr
def _remove_singletons(reps, exprs):
"""
Helper function for cse that will remove expressions that weren't
used more than once.
"""
u_reps = [] # the useful reps that are used more than once
for i, ui in enumerate(reps):
used = [] # where it was used
ri, ei = ui
# keep track of whether the substitution was used more
# than once. If used is None, it was never used (yet);
# if used is an int, that is the last place where it was
# used (>=0 in the reps, <0 in the expressions) and if
# it is True, it was used more than once.
used = None
tot = 0 # total times used so far
# search through the reps
for j in range(i + 1, len(reps)):
c = reps[j][1].count(ri)
if c:
tot += c
if tot > 1:
u_reps.append(ui)
used = True
break
else:
used = j
if used is not True:
# then search through the expressions
for j, rj in enumerate(exprs):
c = rj.count(ri)
if c:
# append a negative so we know that it was in the
# expression that used it
tot += c
if tot > 1:
u_reps.append(ui)
used = True
break
else:
used = j - len(exprs)
if type(used) is int:
# undo the change
rep = {ri: ei}
j = used
if j < 0:
exprs[j] = exprs[j].subs(rep)
else:
reps[j] = reps[j][0], reps[j][1].subs(rep)
# reuse unused symbols so a contiguous range of symbols is returned
if len(u_reps) != len(reps):
for i, ri in enumerate(u_reps):
if u_reps[i][0] != reps[i][0]:
rep = (u_reps[i][0], reps[i][0])
u_reps[i] = rep[1], u_reps[i][1].subs(*rep)
for j in range(i + 1, len(u_reps)):
u_reps[j] = u_reps[j][0], u_reps[j][1].subs(*rep)
for j, rj in enumerate(exprs):
exprs[j] = exprs[j].subs(*rep)
reps[:] = u_reps # change happens in-place
[docs]def cse(exprs, symbols=None, optimizations=None, postprocess=None):
""" Perform common subexpression elimination on an expression.
Parameters
==========
exprs : list of sympy expressions, or a single sympy expression
The expressions to reduce.
symbols : infinite iterator yielding unique Symbols
The symbols used to label the common subexpressions which are pulled
out. The ``numbered_symbols`` generator is useful. The default is a
stream of symbols of the form "x0", "x1", etc. This must be an infinite
iterator.
optimizations : list of (callable, callable) pairs, optional
The (preprocessor, postprocessor) pairs. If not provided,
``sympy.simplify.cse.cse_optimizations`` is used.
postprocess : a function which accepts the two return values of cse and
returns the desired form of output from cse, e.g. if you want the
replacements reversed the function might be the following lambda:
lambda r, e: return reversed(r), e
Returns
=======
replacements : list of (Symbol, expression) pairs
All of the common subexpressions that were replaced. Subexpressions
earlier in this list might show up in subexpressions later in this list.
reduced_exprs : list of sympy expressions
The reduced expressions with all of the replacements above.
"""
from sympy.matrices import Matrix
if symbols is None:
symbols = numbered_symbols()
else:
# In case we get passed an iterable with an __iter__ method instead of
# an actual iterator.
symbols = iter(symbols)
seen_subexp = set()
muls = set()
adds = set()
to_eliminate = set()
if optimizations is None:
# Pull out the default here just in case there are some weird
# manipulations of the module-level list in some other thread.
optimizations = list(cse_optimizations)
# Handle the case if just one expression was passed.
if isinstance(exprs, Basic):
exprs = [exprs]
# Preprocess the expressions to give us better optimization opportunities.
reduced_exprs = [preprocess_for_cse(e, optimizations) for e in exprs]
# Find all of the repeated subexpressions.
for expr in reduced_exprs:
if not isinstance(expr, Basic):
continue
pt = preorder_traversal(expr)
for subtree in pt:
inv = 1/subtree if subtree.is_Pow else None
if subtree.is_Atom or iterable(subtree) or inv and inv.is_Atom:
# Exclude atoms, since there is no point in renaming them.
continue
if subtree in seen_subexp:
if inv and _coeff_isneg(subtree.exp):
# save the form with positive exponent
subtree = inv
to_eliminate.add(subtree)
pt.skip()
continue
if inv and inv in seen_subexp:
if _coeff_isneg(subtree.exp):
# save the form with positive exponent
subtree = inv
to_eliminate.add(subtree)
pt.skip()
continue
elif subtree.is_Mul:
muls.add(subtree)
elif subtree.is_Add:
adds.add(subtree)
seen_subexp.add(subtree)
# process adds - any adds that weren't repeated might contain
# subpatterns that are repeated, e.g. x+y+z and x+y have x+y in common
adds = [set(a.args) for a in ordered(adds)]
for i in xrange(len(adds)):
for j in xrange(i + 1, len(adds)):
com = adds[i].intersection(adds[j])
if len(com) > 1:
to_eliminate.add(Add(*com))
# remove this set of symbols so it doesn't appear again
adds[i] = adds[i].difference(com)
adds[j] = adds[j].difference(com)
for k in xrange(j + 1, len(adds)):
if not com.difference(adds[k]):
adds[k] = adds[k].difference(com)
# process muls - any muls that weren't repeated might contain
# subpatterns that are repeated, e.g. x*y*z and x*y have x*y in common
# use SequenceMatcher on the nc part to find the longest common expression
# in common between the two nc parts
sm = difflib.SequenceMatcher()
muls = [a.args_cnc(cset=True) for a in ordered(muls)]
for i in xrange(len(muls)):
if muls[i][1]:
sm.set_seq1(muls[i][1])
for j in xrange(i + 1, len(muls)):
# the commutative part in common
ccom = muls[i][0].intersection(muls[j][0])
# the non-commutative part in common
if muls[i][1] and muls[j][1]:
# see if there is any chance of an nc match
ncom = set(muls[i][1]).intersection(set(muls[j][1]))
if len(ccom) + len(ncom) < 2:
continue
# now work harder to find the match
sm.set_seq2(muls[j][1])
i1, _, n = sm.find_longest_match(0, len(muls[i][1]),
0, len(muls[j][1]))
ncom = muls[i][1][i1:i1 + n]
else:
ncom = []
com = list(ccom) + ncom
if len(com) < 2:
continue
to_eliminate.add(Mul(*com))
# remove ccom from all if there was no ncom; to update the nc part
# would require finding the subexpr and then replacing it with a
# dummy to keep bounding nc symbols from being identified as a
# subexpr, e.g. removing B*C from A*B*C*D might allow A*D to be
# identified as a subexpr which would not be right.
if not ncom:
muls[i][0] = muls[i][0].difference(ccom)
for k in xrange(j, len(muls)):
if not ccom.difference(muls[k][0]):
muls[k][0] = muls[k][0].difference(ccom)
# make to_eliminate canonical; we will prefer non-Muls to Muls
# so select them first (non-Muls will have False for is_Mul and will
# be first in the ordering.
to_eliminate = list(ordered(to_eliminate, lambda _: _.is_Mul))
# Substitute symbols for all of the repeated subexpressions.
replacements = []
reduced_exprs = list(reduced_exprs)
hit = True
for i, subtree in enumerate(to_eliminate):
if hit:
sym = symbols.next()
hit = False
if subtree.is_Pow and subtree.exp.is_Rational:
update = lambda x: x.xreplace({subtree: sym, 1/subtree: 1/sym})
else:
update = lambda x: x.subs(subtree, sym)
# Make the substitution in all of the target expressions.
for j, expr in enumerate(reduced_exprs):
old = reduced_exprs[j]
reduced_exprs[j] = update(expr)
hit = hit or (old != reduced_exprs[j])
# Make the substitution in all of the subsequent substitutions.
for j in range(i + 1, len(to_eliminate)):
old = to_eliminate[j]
to_eliminate[j] = update(to_eliminate[j])
hit = hit or (old != to_eliminate[j])
if hit:
replacements.append((sym, subtree))
# Postprocess the expressions to return the expressions to canonical form.
for i, (sym, subtree) in enumerate(replacements):
subtree = postprocess_for_cse(subtree, optimizations)
replacements[i] = (sym, subtree)
reduced_exprs = [postprocess_for_cse(e, optimizations)
for e in reduced_exprs]
# remove replacements that weren't used more than once
_remove_singletons(replacements, reduced_exprs)
if isinstance(exprs, Matrix):
reduced_exprs = [Matrix(exprs.rows, exprs.cols, reduced_exprs)]
if postprocess is None:
return replacements, reduced_exprs
return postprocess(replacements, reduced_exprs)